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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diazepam and triazolam on auditory and visual thresholds and reaction times in the baboon (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Triazolam ; Reaction time ; Sensory threshold ; baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult male baboons were trained on a psychophysical procedure that measured detection thresholds and reaction times for pure tone and white light stimuli. Intramuscular injections of diazepam or triazolam were given 30 min before session onset; stimulus intensity was randomly varied from trial to trial, and four to five estimates of sensory thresholds and reaction times were obtained throughout each session. Diazepam produced dose-related elevations of both auditory and visual thresholds and reaction times. Effects of a single high dose of diazepam were apparent 4–5 days after administration. Triazolam was approximately 100 times more potent than diazepam in elevating reaction times and visual threholds, but did not elevate auditory thresholds. There were no residual effects of triazolam on the day after dosing. These results suggest that diazepam and triazolam produce qualitatively similar effects on basic psychophysical function, but that they can be differentiated on the basis of sensory modality changes and post-drug recovery time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431802
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phencyclidine-analogue self-injection by the baboon (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 316-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug self-administration ; Cocaine ; Phencyclidine ; Ketamine ; PCP analogues ; Baboons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Self-injection of phencyclidine HCl (PCP) and four of its analogues was examined in baboons. IV injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Self-injection performance was first established with cocaine and, once stable, test doses of each drug were substituted for 15 days. All five compounds maintained maximal self-injection performance, differing only in their relative potencies. The order of potency was approximately PCP〉NMPCA=TCPY〉NNBPCA〉ketamine. Analysis of the distribution of injections throughout the day indicate that lower doses (and vehicle) were injected mainly during the daylight hours (i.e., 9 AM–6 PM), but as the dose was increased the injections became more uniformly distributed. Only the highest doses of these compounds affected food intake, though the degree of suppression was modest. No differences between these compounds with respect to their abuse potential could be found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428537
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug self-administration ; Amobarbital ; Pentobarbital ; Secobarbital ; Clonazepam ; Clorazepate ; Diazepam ; Flurazepam ; Medazepam ; Midazolam ; Chlorpromazine ; Cocaine ; Baboons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432169
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of d-methamphetamine on auditory and visual reaction times and detection thresholds in the baboon (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 476-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Methamphetamine ; Reaction time ; Auditory thresholds ; Visual thresholds ; Baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Baboons were trained in both auditory and visual reaction time procedures to release a response lever in the presence of low-intensity stimuli. By varying the stimulus intensity from trial to trial, functions relating reaction time (elapsed time from stimulus onset to lever release) to stimulus intensity were established, and detection thresholds were measured. The effects of acute, IM injections of d-methamphetamine (0.001–1.0 mg/kg) were examined on these psychophysical performance baselines. Reaction times for acoustic stimuli generally were faster for higher drug doses, whereas reaction times for visual stimuli either lengthened or shortened, depending on both drug dose and individual differences among animals. Auditory thresholds were unaffected at all drug doses studied, whereas visual thresholds were generally elevated at doses of 0.1 mg/kg and above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429668
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine decreases relative cerebral blood volume in humans: a dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging study (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 138 (1998), S. 76-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Functional MRI ; Cocaine ; Cerebrovascular circulation ; Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cocaine has substantial effects on cerebral hemodynamics which may partly underlie both its euphorigenic and toxic effects. Dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC–MRI) was used to determine whether a dose-effect relationship could be detected between cocaine administration and cerebral blood volume reduction in human brain. Twenty-three healthy and neurologically normal adult males with a history of recreational cocaine use (3–40 lifetime exposures) participated. Subjects underwent DSC-MRI measurements of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) at baseline and 10min after IV double-blind placebo or cocaine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) administration. Placebo administration resulted in superimposable rCBV curves with post-placebo CBV averaging 104 ± 4% (mean ± SE) of baseline, indicating no CBV change. Both cocaine doses induced CBV decreases which were statistically equivalent and post-cocaine CBV averaged 77 ± 4% of baseline (P 〈 0.002), when measured 10 min following drug administration. These data suggest that DSC-MRI can detect cocaine-induced CBV reductions indicative of vasoconstriction, and that it may be useful for evaluating treatments designed to reduce the cerebrovascular effects of cocaine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050647
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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