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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A microanalysis of ethanol-induced disruption of body sway and psychomotor performance in women (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Body sway ; Stance stability ; Psychomotor tasks ; Human subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Measures of body sway, psychomotor performance and subjective reports of intoxication were obtained from 20 women after consuming either ethanol (0.56 g/kg) or placebo. Simple motor tasks were unaffected by the relatively low ethanol dose. Performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) was affected only during the ascending portion of the blood ethanol curve while stance stability was disrupted during peak and descending blood ethanol levels. A microanalysis of the dynamic changes of ethanol-induced body sway was conducted and the results plotted in three-dimensional space. These data revealed that disruption of stance stability was more pronounced in the sagittal plane than in the lateral plane and that subjects swayed to the rear and the right side. The results of this study suggest that such data analysis techniques provide extremely sensitive measures of body sway resulting from consuming a moderate dose of ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444687
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diazepam and triazolam on auditory and visual thresholds and reaction times in the baboon (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 87 (1985), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Triazolam ; Reaction time ; Sensory threshold ; baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult male baboons were trained on a psychophysical procedure that measured detection thresholds and reaction times for pure tone and white light stimuli. Intramuscular injections of diazepam or triazolam were given 30 min before session onset; stimulus intensity was randomly varied from trial to trial, and four to five estimates of sensory thresholds and reaction times were obtained throughout each session. Diazepam produced dose-related elevations of both auditory and visual thresholds and reaction times. Effects of a single high dose of diazepam were apparent 4–5 days after administration. Triazolam was approximately 100 times more potent than diazepam in elevating reaction times and visual threholds, but did not elevate auditory thresholds. There were no residual effects of triazolam on the day after dosing. These results suggest that diazepam and triazolam produce qualitatively similar effects on basic psychophysical function, but that they can be differentiated on the basis of sensory modality changes and post-drug recovery time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431802
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine decreases relative cerebral blood volume in humans: a dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging study (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 138 (1998), S. 76-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Functional MRI ; Cocaine ; Cerebrovascular circulation ; Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cocaine has substantial effects on cerebral hemodynamics which may partly underlie both its euphorigenic and toxic effects. Dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC–MRI) was used to determine whether a dose-effect relationship could be detected between cocaine administration and cerebral blood volume reduction in human brain. Twenty-three healthy and neurologically normal adult males with a history of recreational cocaine use (3–40 lifetime exposures) participated. Subjects underwent DSC-MRI measurements of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) at baseline and 10min after IV double-blind placebo or cocaine (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg) administration. Placebo administration resulted in superimposable rCBV curves with post-placebo CBV averaging 104 ± 4% (mean ± SE) of baseline, indicating no CBV change. Both cocaine doses induced CBV decreases which were statistically equivalent and post-cocaine CBV averaged 77 ± 4% of baseline (P 〈 0.002), when measured 10 min following drug administration. These data suggest that DSC-MRI can detect cocaine-induced CBV reductions indicative of vasoconstriction, and that it may be useful for evaluating treatments designed to reduce the cerebrovascular effects of cocaine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050647
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phencyclidine-analogue self-injection by the baboon (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 83 (1984), S. 316-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug self-administration ; Cocaine ; Phencyclidine ; Ketamine ; PCP analogues ; Baboons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Self-injection of phencyclidine HCl (PCP) and four of its analogues was examined in baboons. IV injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Self-injection performance was first established with cocaine and, once stable, test doses of each drug were substituted for 15 days. All five compounds maintained maximal self-injection performance, differing only in their relative potencies. The order of potency was approximately PCP〉NMPCA=TCPY〉NNBPCA〉ketamine. Analysis of the distribution of injections throughout the day indicate that lower doses (and vehicle) were injected mainly during the daylight hours (i.e., 9 AM–6 PM), but as the dose was increased the injections became more uniformly distributed. Only the highest doses of these compounds affected food intake, though the degree of suppression was modest. No differences between these compounds with respect to their abuse potential could be found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428537
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of d-methamphetamine on auditory and visual reaction times and detection thresholds in the baboon (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 476-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: d-Methamphetamine ; Reaction time ; Auditory thresholds ; Visual thresholds ; Baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Baboons were trained in both auditory and visual reaction time procedures to release a response lever in the presence of low-intensity stimuli. By varying the stimulus intensity from trial to trial, functions relating reaction time (elapsed time from stimulus onset to lever release) to stimulus intensity were established, and detection thresholds were measured. The effects of acute, IM injections of d-methamphetamine (0.001–1.0 mg/kg) were examined on these psychophysical performance baselines. Reaction times for acoustic stimuli generally were faster for higher drug doses, whereas reaction times for visual stimuli either lengthened or shortened, depending on both drug dose and individual differences among animals. Auditory thresholds were unaffected at all drug doses studied, whereas visual thresholds were generally elevated at doses of 0.1 mg/kg and above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429668
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumental analysis of ethanol-induced intoxication in human males (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 89 (1986), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Blood ethanol concentration ; Instrumental response ; Verbal behavior ; Time-effect relations ; Human subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to assess subjective reports of intoxication during the ascending phase of the plasma ethanol curve. Eighteen male social drinkers were divided into three groups and were given either placebo, 0.347 g/kg ethanol or 0.694 g/kg ethanol under double-blind conditions. Subjects reported levels of intoxication both instrumentally, by moving a joystick device, and verbally using an 11-point self-rating scale. Compared to placebo, ethanol produced significantly higher verbal self-rating scores, but there were no differences in the scores between the low-and high-dose ethanol groups. Instrumental responses of ethanol effects did, however, distinguish between the two ethanol treatments. All subjects who received ethanol reliably detected its effects when plasma ethanol levels reached 32 mg/dl, but only the subjects who received the high dose reported episodes of intense well-being or euphoria. Ethanol-induced euphoria occurred while plasma ethanol levels were rapidly rising, and was characterized by multiple, paroxysmal episodes that typically lasted about 3 min each. This study demonstrated that a continuously available instrumental response provided sensitive and reliable measures of rapidly changing behavioral states associated with ethanol-induced intoxication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175181
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 143 (1999), S. 302-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Aggression ; Marijuana ; Withdrawal ; THC ; Human subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rationale: Even though marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug in the United States, it is still undetermined whether withdrawal after chronic use results in changes in aggressive behavior in humans. Objective: The present study investigated the pattern and duration of changes in aggressive behavior in long-term marijuana users during a 28-day abstinence period verified by daily urines. Methods: Chronic marijuana users who had smoked marijuana on at least 5000 occasions (the equivalent of smoking daily for approximately 14 years) and who were smoking regularly when recruited were studied on days 0 (when they were still smoking), 1 (during acute withdrawal), 3, 7 and 28 of a 28-day detoxification period. Aggressive behavior was measured using the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm. Results: Compared to controls and to the pre-withdrawal data, chronic marijuana users displayed more aggressive behavior on days 3 and 7 of marijuana abstinence. These increases in aggressive responding returned to pre-withdrawal levels after 28 days and were paralleled by small, non-significant changes in depression and anxiety scores. Conclusions: Our findings confirm previous reports of an abstinence syndrome associated with chronic marijuana use and suggest that aggressive behavior should be an additional component of this syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050951
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) on morphine self-administration in the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 73 (1981), S. 12-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol ; Drug self-administration ; LAAM ; Electroencephalogram (EEG) ; Narcotics ; Rapid eye movement ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats bearing cerebrocortical electrodes for recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) were rendered tolerant to and physically dependent on morphine and subsequently trained to self-administer morphine (10 mg/kg/injection) through a chronic intravenous cannula. Morphine was available for selfadministration 24 h/day. Once morphine intake had stabilized (10–12 injections/day), levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) was administered noncontingently via a chronic intragastric (IG) cannula as a single daily dose of either 1 or 4 mg/kg. These morphine self-administering rats were maintained on daily LAAM treatment for 12 consecutive days. Analysis of the patterns of lever pressing, morphine self-injections, and sleepawake behavior revealed that daily IG administration of LAAM effectively suppressed morphine self-administration. The 1 mg/kg dose of LAAM reduced morphine intake by 30%–50%, while 4 mg/kg produced an 80%–90% decrease. The reduction in morphine self-administration occurred in the absence of overt signs of narcotic withdrawal, behavioral toxicity, or disruption of sleep-awake behavior in these rats. Termination of LAAM maintenance resulted in a gradual return of lever pressing and morphine intake to pre-LAAM levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431092
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Drug self-administration ; Amobarbital ; Pentobarbital ; Secobarbital ; Clonazepam ; Clorazepate ; Diazepam ; Flurazepam ; Medazepam ; Midazolam ; Chlorpromazine ; Cocaine ; Baboons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432169
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buprenorphine effects on cigarette smoking (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 417-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Buprenorphine ; Opioid mixed agonist-antagonist ; Cigarette smoking ; Tobacco smoking ; Buprenorphine effects on cigarette smoking ; Heroin addiction ; Polydrug use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cigarette smoking increased during administration of buprenorphine, an opioid mixed agonist-antagonist, in comparison to drug-free baseline in seven heroin addicts maintained on buprenorphine for 24 days (P〈0.01–0.001). Ascending buprenorphine doses (0.5–8.0 mg/day) were associated with significant increases in cigarette smoking at doses of 2.0 mg/day sc and above. Cigarette smoking during 10 days of buprenorphine maintenance at 8 mg/day was significantly higher than during the buprenorphine induction phase (P〈0.01). Six subjects given placebo buprenorphine over 14 days showed no change in cigarette smoking. The placebo group self-administered heroin for 10 days, and cigarette smoking increased significantly during heroin use (P〈0.001). The rate of cigarette smoking defined by intercigarette intervals was highest during the 10 days of high-dose buprenorphine maintenance or placebo plus heroin self-administration. Both groups requested significantly more cigarettes at intervals of 0–10, 11–20, and 21–30 min than during the drug-free baseline. These data confirmed previous findings that opioid agonist administration is associated with increased cigarette smoking and suggest that buprenorphine has primarily agonist effects on cigarette smoking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427902
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