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  • Compound eye  (5)
  • Morphine  (5)
  • House fly  (3)
  • Scopolamine  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in morphine self-administration after tel-diencephalic lesions in rats (1978)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 57 (1978), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Self-administration ; Frontal cortex ; Posterior cortex ; Hippocampus ; Medial forebrain bundle ; Medial thalamus ; Nucleus accumbens ; Tuberculum olfactorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to bar-press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test sessions. Rates of moprhine self-administration were enhanced by lesions of the frontal cortex and hippocampus and transiently reduced by lesions of the medial forebrain bundle and medial thalamus. Doseresponse studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was decreased by frontal cortical and hippocampal lesions. Lesions of the posterior cortex, the tuberculum olfactorium, and the nucleus accumbens had no effect on self-administration behavior. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings with caudate and brainstem lesions. A neuroanatomical substrate for morphine reinforcement is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426752
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asymmetrical effects of morphine and naloxone on reward mechanisms (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Naloxone ; Cerebral asymmetry ; Self stimulation ; Rotation ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats with bilaterally implanted lateral hypothalamic electrodes were tested daily for self-stimulation to each side of the brain, and rotation (circling behavior) was recorded concomitantly. All rats rotated in a preferred direction regardless of the side of the brain stimulated and all rats had asymmetries in self-stimulation sensitivity related to the direction of rotation. Morphine increased rotation and lowered self-stimulation thresholds at low doses (e.g., 2.5 mg/kg) and decreased rotation and raised self-stimulation thresholds at high doses (e.g., 20.0 mg/kg). The changes in self-stimulation thresholds preferentially occurred on opposite sides of the brain, i.e., the low-dose decrease in thresholds was greater in the normally less sensitive side of the brain whereas the high-dose increase in thresholds was greater in the normally more sensitive side of the brain. Naloxone produced no changes in rates of rotation but did elicit small changes in self-stimulation that varied with the side of the brain, i.e., dose-related decreases in thresholds occurred in the normally more sensitive side of the brain whereas dose-related increases in thresholds occurred in the normally less sensitive side of the brain. Subsequently rats were tested in a choice procedure providing concurrent access to rewarding stimulation of either side of the brain; currents were titrated such that, under baseline conditions, rats continually alternated between self-stimulating one side of the brain or the other. Morphine induced a preference for the less sensitive side of the brain that was comparable in magnitude at all doses and independent of its biphasic effects on rates of responding. Naloxone induced a dose-related preference for the more sensitive side of the brain while not altering rates of responding. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) also completely antagonized the effects of all doses of morphine. The results are discussed in terms of lateralized actions mediating the discriminable effects of reinforcing drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428154
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hallucinogen-induced rotational behavior in rats (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 62 (1979), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rotational behavior ; Hallucinogens ; Serotonergic-dopaminergic interactions ; LSD ; Mescaline ; Methysergide ; Cyproheptadine ; p-Chlorophenylalanine ; Amphetamine ; Scopolamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract LSD, mescaline, and MDMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) in normal rats induced dose-dependent rotation (circling behavior), which was consistent in direction from week to week (1 week separating hallucinogen administration). The direction of LSD-induced rotation for individual animals was the same as amphetamine-induced, but not apomorphine-induced, rotation. Of the three postsynaptic serotonin antagonists (methysergide, cyproheptadine, and 2-bromo-LSD) tested, only methysergide induced rotation; this rotation was consistent in direction from week to week, and was in the same direction as LSD-induced rotation. l-LSD induced weak rotation and was approximately six times less potent than d-LSD. p-Chlorophenylalanine pretreatment increased the sensitivity to LSD, whereas α-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreatment blocked LSD-induced rotation. Simultaneous administration of LSD and amphetamine induced rotation significantly greater than amphetamine alone; a similar effect was observed with LSD plus scopolamine. However, apomorphine plus LSD induced rotation similar in magnitude to apomorphine alone. These results suggest that the mechanism by which hallucinogens induce rotation is consistent with an inhibitory action on the serotonin-containing midbrain raphe neurons. The inhibition of raphe neuronal firing could disinhibit nigrostriatal activity (possibly at the level of the substantia nigra). Methysergide-induced rotation could result from partial antagonism of postsynaptic serotonin receptors in the substantia nigra or striatum. The dopaminergic properties of LSD may attenuate rotation resulting from disinhibition of nigrostriatal activity by interacting with presynaptic nigrostriatal dopamine autoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427136
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of morphine on sleep in the cat (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 24 (1972), S. 435-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sleep ; Morphine ; Naloxone ; α-Methyltyrosine ; 5-Hydroxy-tryptophan.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of morphine sulfate, 300 μg/kg s.c., on the sleep of cats was studied by electroencephalographic techniques. In contrast to placebo experiments the animals were awake for approximately 6 h after administration of morphine; the return of regular sleep patterns occurred after about 11 h. A rebound increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and percentage was noted during the 11th through the 17th hour of the study. Sleep following manual sleep deprivation for 10 h showed a rebound increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time. NREM sleep rebound after manual sleep deprivation exceeded that occurring after morphine. The alerting actions of morphine could be blocked by naloxone, 100 μg/kg s.c., for about 90 min. Naloxone alone increased REM sleep time and percentage. Single (84 mg/kg) or multiple (51 mg/kg for 4 injections) doses of dl-α-methyltyrosine i.p. did not block the alerting action or REM sleep rebound caused by morphine. 5-Hydrotryptophan (30 mg/kg) i.p. did not antagonize the alerting action of morphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402538
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphine dependence in rats with medial forebrain bundle lesions (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Withdrawal ; Addiction ; Dependence ; Medial Forebrain Bundle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats with posterior medial forebrain bundle (PMFB) lesions and control rats were administered morphine chronically for 4 or 5 days via implanted subcutaneous silicone reservoirs. Following cessation of morphine administration after five days, PMFB rats showed less withdrawal-induced weight loss than control rats. Other PMFB and control rats were subjected to forced drinking of morphine solution for 9 days. PMFB rats consumed the morphine solution much more readliy than control rats, whereas intake of a quinine solution was similar in two other PMFB and control groups. These results suggest that the addictive and dependence properties of morphine may have separate mechanisms and based on previously reported neurochemical effects of PMFB lesions, that biogenic amines may be differentially involved in such mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429193
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug-induced rotation in rats without lesions: Behavioral and neurochemical indices of a normal asymmetry in nigro-striatal function (1976)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 47 (1976), S. 249-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rotation ; d-Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Scopolamine ; L-Dopa ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Normal unoperated rats were tested for rotation (i.e., circling behavior) in a spherical “rotometer” and dose-response relationships were generated using d-amphetamine, apomorphine, L-Dopa, haloperidol, and scopolamine. The rotation induced by amphetamine was significantly antagonized by alphamethyl-p-tyrosine and haloperidol, but not by diethyl-dithiocarbamate. The rotation elicited by apomorphine was unaffected by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Rotation was not necessarily in the same direction with high and low doses of amphetamine, or amphetamine and apomorphine administered a week apart from each other. Dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions were evident, since pilocarpine antagonized amphetamine-induced rotation whereas scopolamine did not; scopolamine elicited rotation in the same direction as that induced by amphetamine. Left and right striatal dopamine and tel-diencephalic norepinephrine levels were determined in rats injected with various doses of amphetamine and tested for rotation. There were significant bilateral differences in striatal dopamine which were related to the direction of rotation. Since amphetamine was found to be equally distributed to the two sides of the brain, the difference in striatal dopamine appeared to be the neurochemical substrate for rotation in normal rats. These results suggest that normal rats have asymmetrical levels of striatal dopamine as well as an asymmetrical complement of striatal dopamine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427609
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amphetamine, scopolamine and chlorpromazine interactions on delayed matching performance in monkeys (1969)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1969), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Chlorpromazine ; Scopolamine ; Drug Interactions ; Delayed Matching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two drug combinations, amphetamine-chlorpromazine and amphetamine-scopolamine, were examined in monkeys performing on a delayed matching test. Antagonism between the effects of amphetamine and chlorpromazine on both response rate and accuracy measures of performance was found. Amphetamine and scopolamine had antagonistic effects on response rate but synergistic effects on accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403617
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in morphine self-administration after brainstem lesions in rats (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 52 (1977), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Self-administration ; Substantia nigra ; Midbrain raphe nuclei ; Locus coeruleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to bar press for intravenous infusions of morphine sulfate during 1-h daily test sessions. Rates of morphine self-administration were reduced by bilateral lesions of the substantia nigra and enhanced by lesions of the medial raphe nucleus. Dose-response studies indicated that sensitivity to morphine's rewarding property was increased by substantia nigra lesions and decreased by medial raphe lesions. Lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus and of the locus coeruleus had no effect on self-administration behavior. An interaction between ascending dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways appears to be involved in the mechanism of morphine reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439102
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface fine structure of the eye of the housefly (Musca domestica): Ommatidia and lamina ganglionaris (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 21-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Musca domestica ; Ommatidia ; Optic cartridge ; Basement membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The compound eye of the housefly, from lens to first optic neuropile (lamina ganglionaris) was examined with a scanning electron microscope. Key findings are as follows: The pseudocone cavity is enclosed by six corneal pigment cells. The nuclei of the six cells are firmly anchored to the underside of the lens and portions remain after lens delamination from the pseudocone cavity. An eccentrically-positioned, short photoreceptor cell was observed near the region where the inferior central cell initiates its rhabdom. This eminence may represent that cell's soma. The basement membrane is revealed as a two-tiered, fibrous layer with ovoid fenestrations. Each opening is sealed with a diaphragm perforated by eight retinular axons and a trachea. Conjoined distal surfaces of the satellite glial cells form a membrane-like barrier immediately underlying the basement membrane. Monopolar somata from the lamina are covered with glial cells which possibly make more intimate contact with the somata through miniscule projections. Optic cartridges with monopolar interneurons were noted. Spherical to slightly biconcave processes of these interneurons contact retinular axons. Very fine (1000 Å) filaments interweave among and contact lateral processes. Further implications are discussed as they relate to observed structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209048
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane specializations in the peripheral retina of the housefly Musca domestica L. (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 501-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral retina ; Transmission electron microscopy ; House fly ; Membrane specializations and pigment cells ; Photoreceptor cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Membrane specializations of the peripheral retina of the housefly (Musca domestica) are revealed in thin sections and freeze fracture/etch replicas. Septate junctions are abundant in corner areas of the pseudocone enclosure bonding: between homologous corneal pigment cells (CPC); between homologous large pigment cells (LPC); between CPC-LPC; between Semper cells (SC); between SC-CPC. Spot desmosomes are present between Semper cells. It is likely that septate junctions function as strengthening adhesions in this area. A new membrane specialization similar to a continuous junction was observed between retinular cells of the same or adjacent ommatidium. This junction has indistinct septa in the 115Å intermembrane cleft and is intermittent in character. When this junction is absent, the apposed cells gape apart. In freeze fracture studies, this junction is characterized by bridges composed of fused membrane particles and randomly arranged particles on the P face, and non-corresponding grooves on the E face. The ridges are elongate and roughly parallel and sometimes they form enclosures. Mitochondria line up along these junctions, often within 90Å of the unit membrane. This membrane specialization has characteristics of tight and continuous junctions. In line with previous findings, we suggest that this junction assists in retinular cell orientation, possibly in enforcing the ommatidial twist and in maintaining localized ionic concentration gradients between retinular cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234194
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