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  • Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry  (6)
  • United States  (6)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (5)
  • Molecular Cell Biology  (4)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Colon cancer ; diet ; family history ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The purpose was to investigate whether dietary associations with risk of colon cancer in women differ by family history of the disease. Methods: Data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 35,216 Iowa (United States) women aged 55 to 69 years at baseline. Through 31 December 1995, 241 colon cancers were identified through record linkage with the State Health Registry. The cohort was stratified on family history of colon cancer in first-degree relatives; nutrient intakes were divided into tertiles. Results: Analyses using Cox regression revealed that the association of most dietary components with colon cancer incidence were similar for individuals with and without a family history. However, total calcium intake was associated inversely with colon cancer among women with a negative family history (relative risk [RR]=0.50 for upper cf lower tertile, P 〈 0.001), but was unrelated to incidence for women with a positive family history (RR=1.1 for upper cf lower tertile, P=0.69). Similarly, total vitamin E intake was associated with lower risk among women with a negative family history (RR=0.67 for upper cf lower tertile, P=0.04), but not among women with a positive family history (RR=0.87 for upper cf lower tertile, P=0.67). High intakes of fiber, fruits, and vegetables were each weakly inversely associated with risk among family-history negative women, but not among family-history positive women. Conclusions: These data, if corroborated, suggest that dietary factors typically associated with lower risk may be less effective risk-reduction interventions against colon cancer for individuals with a family history of colon cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Anthropometry ; colonic neoplasms ; dietary fats ; females ; lifestyle ; meat ; prospective studies ; reproduction ; sucrose ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the relation of dietary intakes of sucrose, meat, and fat, and anthropometric, lifestyle, hormonal, and reproductive factors to colon cancer incidence, data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 35,215 Iowa (United States) women, aged 55–69 years and without a history of cancer, who completed mailed dietary and other questionnaires in 1986. Through 1990, 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented. Proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for age and other risk factors. Risk factors found to be associated significantly with colon cancer included: (i) sucrose-containing foods and beverages other than ice cream/milk; relative risks (RR) across the quintiles=1.00, 1.73, 1.56, 1.54, and 2.00 (95% confidence intervals [CI] for quintiles two and five exclude 1.0); (ii) sucrose; RR across the quintiles=1.00, 1.70, 1.81, 1.82, and 1.45 (CI for quintiles two through four exclude 1.0); (iii) height; RR=1.23 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend-0.02); (iv) body mass index; RR=1.41 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend=0.03); and (v) number of livebirths, RR=1.59 for having had one to two livebirths and 1.80 for having had three or more livebirths compared with having had none (P for trend=0.04). These data support hypotheses that sucrose intake or being tall or obese increases colon cancer risk; run contrary to the hypothesis that increased parity decreases risk; support previous findings of no association with demographic factors other than age, cigarette smoking, or use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy; and raise questions regarding previous associations with meat, fat, protein, and physical activity.Cancer Causes and Control 1994, 5, 38–52.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; body mass index ; females ; United States ; weight gain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined whether associations of adult weight gain with the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer vary by stature, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and early adult size in a cohort of 37,105 Iowa (United States) women. Both low body mass index (kg/m2) (BMI) at age 18 and high subsequent weight-gain were associated independently with increased risk of incident postmenopausal breast cancer. After stratifying on BMI at age 18, high weight gain was associated with increased risk irrespective of whether early BMI was low (relative risk [RR]=1.92, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.45–2.53) or high (RR=1.59, Ci=1.19–2.12). Women with lower BMI at 18 were at a higher risk at all levels of weight change, but having low BMI at age 18 and low subsequent weight gain conferred no significantly excess risk over those with high BMI at 18 and low gain. An inconsistent increase in risk was associated with taller stature; there was no additional risk associated with high WHR. Part of the observed risk from lower early size may reflect greater weight gain by lighter women. Limiting adult weight gain thus may be a feasible method to avoid increasing an individual's risk of breast cancer. Reasons for different effects of early cf late weight gain are not established, but benefits of a greater size at age 18 are likely to be offset by increased risks of other weight-related diseases at older ages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; family history ; infertility ; Iowa Women's Health Study ; nulliparity ; prospective studies ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We recently provided data from a prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women which suggested that a first livebirth at age 30 or older (cf before age 20) was associated with a twofold increased risk of breast cancer in women without a family history, but a 5.8-fold higher risk in women with a positive family history. To address the question of whether these observations reflect difficulty becoming pregnant or maintaining a pregnancy, we performed additional analyses in which the outcome of each pregnancy was considered. During five years of follow-up, 620 incident cases of breast cancer were identified in the 37,105 women at risk. There was little evidence for an increased risk associated with a history of spontaneous abortion (relative risk [RR]=1.1; 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.9–1.4), nor was the risk higher among women who reported two or more spontaneous abortions in consecutive pregnancies (RR=1.0, CI=0.7–1.4). Although women who reported that they had tried unsuccessfully to become pregnant had only slightly and nonsignificantly elevated risks of breast cancer (RR=1.1, CI=0.9–1.3), a more pronounced and statistically significant association was noted in women with a positive family history (RR=2.0, CI=1.4–3.2). There was a strong inverse association between failure to become pregnant and parity (P〈0.0001); nearly 50 percent of the nulliparous married women reported having tried and failed to become pregnant, whereas the frequency was only 6.8 percent among married women with five or more livebirths. Thus, difficulties in becoming pregnant may characterize a subset of women at increased risk of breast cancer, especially in the presence of a family history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; cohort study ; endometrial cancer ; estrogen replacement therapy ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: At least three case-control studies have examined the association between alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer; two studies showed inverse associations, and a third a positive association. To our knowledge, no prospective studies of this association have been reported. The association between alcohol and endometrial cancer was examined in the Iowa Women's Health Study (United States), a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Information on alcohol consumption and other variables was obtained through a mailed questionnaire in January 1986. Through December 1990, 167 incident endometrial cancer cases occurred in the at-risk cohort of 25,170 women. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), parity, age at menopause, and noncontraceptive estrogen use, and to determine multiplicative interactions. The RRs of endometrial cancer associated with 〈4.0 and ≥4.0 g of alcohol per day compared with abstainers were 0.7 (CI=0.5–1.1) and 1.0 (CI=0.7–1.6), respectively. No statistically significant association between endometrial cancer and consumption of either beer, wine, or liquor was observed. There was no interaction between alcohol and any other endometrial cancer risk factors, including BMI or noncontraceptive estrogen use. These data do not support an association between alcohol and endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cholesterol ; cohort study ; diet ; fat ; lung cancer ; nutrition ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that a high intake of dietary cholesterol and fat is associated with elevated risks of lung cancer, we analyzed data from a population-based, prospective, cohort study conducted among 41,837 postmenopausal Iowa (United States) women who completed, in 1986, a comprehensive mailed questionnaire including information on usual intake of 127 food items. All cohort members were followed for cancer incidence through the statewide cancer registry. By 1991, after six years of follow-up, 272 incident lung-cancer cases were identified. After controlling for total energy intake and other confounding factors, dietary cholesterol, total fat, and animal fat were unrelated to lung cancer risk. Intake in the upper three quartiles of plantderived fat, however, was related to a 30 to 40 percent lower incidence of lung cancer, compared with those in the lowest quartile, with more pronoucned reduction in risk observed among smokers (relative risk=0.6, 95 percent confidence interval=0.4–0.9). This prospective cohort study suggests that high intake of fat of plant origin may be associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, while dietary cholesterol and animal fat intake is unrelated to the etiology of this malignancy in postmenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Les réactions de la 2-chloropurine et d'autre bases, catalysées par la xanthine oxidase, ont été étudiées avec des méthodes différentes basées sur l'idée des orbitales molécularies, telles que HMO, ω-SCF—HMO, et PPP. Ces études not démontré l'importance des indices de réactivité électronique pour comprendre les réactions d'enzymes. De plus il paraît possible de prédire la spécificité de l'enzyme d'une analyse systématique de la différence entre les sites de réactions prédits et observés dans des substrats avec des substituants 2- et 8-oxy.Les concepts de densité d'obritale de frontière, de superdélocalisabilité et d'énergie de localisation se sont avérés tres utiles. Les Méthodes différentes ont donné en général dees résultats consistants.
    Abstract: Ein genauses Studium der durch Xanthine-Oxidas katalysierten Reaktionen von 2-Chloropurin und anderen Basen mittels verschiedenen MO-Methoden, wie HMO, ω-SCF—HMO, PPP, zeigt dass die Enzymreaktionen in der Sprache von elektronischen Reaktivitätsindizes beschrieben werden können. Es scheint möglich das Enzymspezifizität von einer systematischen Analysis der Verschiedenheit zwischen theoretisch berechnbeten und observierten Reaktionslagen in Substraten Mit 2- und 8-oxy Substituenten vorherzusagen.De Regriffe der Grenzorbitaldichte, des Superdelokalisabilitäts und der Lokalisierungsenergie sind sich sehyr nützlich rewiesen. Verschiedence MO-Methoden gaben im allgemeinen übereinstimmende Resultate.
    Notes: A detailed study to the xanthine oxidase-catalyzed reactions of 2-chloropurine and other substrate bases with various molecular-orbital techniques such as HMO, ω-SCF—HMO, and ppp semiempirical SCF—LCAO—MO has shown that the enzyme reactions can be understood in terms of electronic reactivity indices. Furthermore, it appeared possible to suggest the enzyme specificity from a systematic analysis of discrepancy between mo theoretically predicted and observed reaction sites in substrates with 2- and 8-oxy substituents. In other words, the discrepancy does not necessarily indicate the failure of the MO melthodes for such substrates, but it is possible to utilize the result in correlating with binding specificity of the ES complex. This has been done specifically for 2-chloropurine.Among several electronic reacxtivity indices, frontier orbital density, superdelocalizability, and localization energy have been proved to be very useful. Diferent MO methods gave, in general, consistent results.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 14 (1980), S. 483-498 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: myoblast differentiation ; muscle cell culture ; mitogens ; growth factors ; myoblast cell lines ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Regulation of the transition of mouse myoblasts from proliferation to terminal differentiation was studied with clonal density cultures of a permanent clonal myoblast cell line. In medium lacking mitogenic activity, mouse myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle, elaborate muscle-specific gene products, and fuse to form multinucleated myotubes. Addition of a purified mitogen, fibroblast growth factor, to mitogen-depleted medium stimulates continued proliferation and prevents terminal differentiation. When mitogens are removed for increasing durations and then refed, mouse myoblasts irreversibly commit to terminal differentiation: after 2-4 h in the absence of mitogens, myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle, elaborate muscle-specific gene products, and fuse in the presence of mitogens that have been fed back. Population kinetics of commitment determined with 3H-thymidine labeling and autoradiography suggest the following cell-cycle model for mouse myoblast commitment: (1) if mitogens are present in the extracellular environment of myoblasts in G1 of the cell cycle, the cells enter S and continue through another cell cycle; (2) if mitogens have been absent for 2 or more hours, cells in G1 do not enter S; the cells commit to differentiate, permanently withdraw from the cell cycle (will not enter S if mitogens are refed), and they subsequently elaborate acetylcholine receptors and fuse (even if mitogens are refed); (3) cells in other phases of the cell cycle continue to transit the cell cycle in the absence of mitogens until reaching the next G1. The commitment kinetics and experiments with mitotically synchronized cells suggest that the commitment “decision” is made during G1. Present results do not, however, exclude commitment of some cells in other phases of the cell cycle.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 11 (1979), S. 503-515 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: glycoproteins ; two-dimensional electrophoresis ; differentiation ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The present work examined the expression of cell surface glycoprotein antigens in cultured human cell lines. The set of glycoproteins studied was defined by their immunoreactivity with antiserum developed to Triton-solubilized extracts of placental brush border membranes. Studies were performed using cell lines of trophoblastic (BeWo, JEG-3) and nontrophoblastic (Chang liver cells) origin, as well as diploid fibroblast cell lines (WI-38, GM-38).Antiplacental brush border antiserum reacts with at least 19 distinct antigens present in placental membrane preparations, each of which can be resolved and identified in two-dimensional electrophoresis. The subunit molecular weight and isoelectric point for all components were defined by their positions in the two-dimensional matrix. Thirteen of these could be detected among the five cell lines examined by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface iodination. One of these 13 antigens has been identified as the placental isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (PAP). The expression of this component is limited to choriocarcinonia cells and Chang liver cells and it is not present in diploid fibroblasts. Under normal circumstances expression of PAP is unique to the differentiated placenta but has been frequently demonstrated in both trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic neoplasms.Two other antigens are variably expressed among the different cell types examined in the present study and their presence or absence was independent of the trophoblastic, epithelial nontrophoblastic, or fibroblastic origin of the cells.Ten surface antigens were expressed in all five cell lines. Six of these had previously been found common to membranes from three adult differentiated tissues, including liver and kidney, as well as placenta (Wada et al, J Supramol Struc 10(3):287-305, 1979). The presence of this set of antigens in cultured cells as well extends the possibility that these are ubiquitously expressed on human cell surfaces. Two other antigens observed in all cultured cells had been found in both placental and either kidney or liver membranes and may represent common functions shared by many tissues which are also necessary for growth in vitro. The two remaining placental antigens seen in all cultured cells have previously been shown to be absent in adult tissues. Their presence in cultured cells but not in the membranes of resting differentiated tissues may signify the expression of glycoproteins characteristic of trophoblasts in all cells adapted to growth in culture.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 7 (1977), S. 499-513 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: glucose ; carrier ; regulation ; transport ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The derepression of glucose transport initiated by removing glucose from the incubation medium requires both protein and RNA synthesis. The synthesis and accumulation of putative mRNA for the carrier protein(s) can be demonstrated by inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide (2 μg/ml). Release from inhibition with simulataneous addition of actionmycin D (1-5 μg/ml) results in a burst of carrier synthesis that achieves virtually maximal derepression in 4-6 h. An external energy source provided by a “nonrepressive” sugar (D-fructose, D-xylose) or by pyruvate is required to accomplish carrier synthesis. Previous failure to demonstrate mRNA accumulation was due to the depletion of energy in the starved cells. Glucose acts as a repressor at a posttranscriptional step, probably at the level of turnover of formed carrier.The protection of formed carrier in the absence of glucose and by inhibitors of protein synthesis even in the presence of glucose has encouraged conjecture that a protease is activated by a metabolic product of glucose that is analogous to a co-repressor. The glucose metabolite either activates the protease by direct interaction with it or alters the conformation of the carrier to expose a critical region to protease attack. Indeed the regulation of carrier density in the membrane of chick fibroblasts may be achieved entirely by carrier inactivation, the rate of which is a function of glucose concentration in the culture medium.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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