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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On pense que les cellules tumorales des métastases osseuses provoquent la résorption osseuse principalement par l'action de facteurs paracrines. La Parathyroïde Hormone Related Protein (PTHrp) médie probablement l'activité ostéolytique de beaucoup de ces tumeurs. La PTHrp est produite par 40 à 60% des tumeurs du sein et est élevée dans le sérum chez près de 50% des patientes avec métastases osseuses du cancer du sein. Comme la plupart des processus biologiques chez l'homme sont de nature multiple, cependant, le but de cette étude a été de tester l'hypothése que d'autres facteurs paracrines pouvaient médier la résorption osseuse par les cellules tumorales du sein. Un milieu sérum-free (MSF) a été collecté à partir de cinq lignées tumorales du sein et testé pour son activité de stimulation de résorption osseuse (BRSA) dans des cultures de calvaria de souris. Le MSF provenant de toutes les cellules tumorales étudiées a favorisé une résorption osseuse importante comparable à l'action de 10 nM de PTH. De petites quantités de PTHrp immunoréactive (1.4–12.5 pM) ont été produites par toutes les lignées de cellules tumorales. Lorsqu'on les a testés in vivo, les quantités équivalentes de PTHrp[1–36] ne favorisaient pas la résorption osseuse de façon significative. L'indométhacine (1 μM) a bloqué de façon significative la BRSA provenant du MSF de toutes les lignées cellulaires, mais n'augmentait pas la BRSA des cellules tumorales du sein. Les résultats de cette étude sont en faveur de l'hypothèse que les cellules cancéreuses du sein relâchent des facteurs paracrines qui stimulent la résorption osseuse in vitro par un mécanisme dépendant de la synthèse de prostaglandines, qui, du moins en partie, est différente de celle de la PTHrp et qui pourrait constituer une portion plus importante de l'activité ostéolytique au niveau des métastase osseuses, bien que d'autres études in vivo sont nécessaires pour tester cette hypothèse.
    Abstract: Resumen Se piensa que las células tumorales presentes en las metástasis óseas inducen resorción ósea primordialmente por un mecanismo de liberación paracrina de diversos factores. La proteína relacionada con la hormona paratiroidea (Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein, PTHrp), ha sido propuesta como mecanismo mediador de la actividad osteolítica de muchos tumores. La PTHrp es producida por 40–60% de los tumores mamarios y aparece en concentraciones séricas elevadas hasta en 50% de los pacientes con metástasis óseas de carcinoma mamario. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los procesos biológicos en los humanos es de naturaleza hetereogénea; con base en ésto, el propósito del presente estudio fue el de investigar la hipótesis de que otros factores paracrinos, así como la PTHrp, podrían ser mediadores de la resorción ósea por células de tumores mamarios. Se recolectó suero en condiciones especiales de 5 líneas de células tumorales mamarìas para determinación de la actividad estimuladora de resorción (bone resorption stimulating activity, BRSA) en cultivos de células esqueléticas de ratón. El suero proveniente de todas las células tumorales produjo significativa resorción comparable a 10 nM de, PTH (hormona paratiroidea). Pequeños volúmenes de PTHrp inmunoreactiva (1.4–12.5 pM) fueron producidas por todas las lineas de células tumorales mamarias. Realizando la prueba in vitro, se observó que cantidades equivalentes de PTHrp [1–36] humana no produjo resorción ósea significativa. La indometacina (1 μM) bloqueó en forma significativa la BRSA del suero de todas las líneas tumorales, pero no disminuyó la BRSA inducida pro PTHrp. En contraste, el anticuerpo PTHrp (130 μg/mol) bloqueó en forma completa la BRSA por 1 nM de PTHrp pero no modificó la BRSA por suero de las células mamarias tumorales. Los resultados del presente estudio dan soporte a la hipótesis de que las células del cáncer mamario liberan factores paracrinos in vitro que estimulan la resorción ósca por un mecanismo que es parcialmente dependiente de la síntesis de prostaglandinas y, por lo menos en parte, diferente del mecanismo de la PTHrp. Los resultados sugieren que las células tumorales mamarias pueden producir factores osteolíticos que son diferentes de la PTHrp y que pueden constituir una porción más significativa de la actividad osteolítica producida en lugares de metástasis óseas, aunque se requieren más estudios in vivo para comprobar esta hipótesis.
    Notes: Abstract Tumor cells in bone metastases are thought to induce bone resorption primarily by releasing paracrine factors. Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrp) has been proposed to mediate osteolytic activity of many tumors. PTHrp is produced by 40% to 60% of breast tumors and is elevated in the serum of up to 50% of patients with breast cancer metastases to bone. Most biologic processes in humans are heterogeneous in nature, so the purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that paracrine factors other than PTHrp could mediate bone resorption by breast tumor cells. Serum-free conditioned medium (CM) was collected from five human breast tumor cell lines and tested for bone resorption-stimulating activity (BRSA) in mouse calvaria organ cultures. CM from all tumor cells studied produced significant bone resorption, comparable to that produced by 10 nM PTH. Small amounts of immunoreactive PTHrp (1.4–12.5 pM) were produced by all breast tumor cell lines. When tested in vitro, equivalent amounts of human PTHrp[1–36] did not produce significant bone resorption. Indomethacin (1 μM) significantly blocked BRSA by CM from all cell lines but did not decrease BRSA by PTHrp. In contrast PTHrp antibody (130 μg/ml) completely blocked BRSA by 1 nM PTHrp but did not modify BRSA by CM of breast tumor cells. The results of this study support the hypothesis that breast cancer cells release paracrine factors in vitro that stimulate bone resorption by a mechanism that is partially dependent on prostaglandin synthesis and at least in part different from that of PTHrp. These results suggest that breast tumor cells may produce osteolytic factors that are distinct from PTHrp and that may constitute a more significant portion of the osteolytic activity produced at sites of metastasis in bone, although additional in vivo studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Supramolecular Structure 14 (1980), S. 483-498 
    ISSN: 0091-7419
    Keywords: myoblast differentiation ; muscle cell culture ; mitogens ; growth factors ; myoblast cell lines ; Life Sciences ; Molecular Cell Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Regulation of the transition of mouse myoblasts from proliferation to terminal differentiation was studied with clonal density cultures of a permanent clonal myoblast cell line. In medium lacking mitogenic activity, mouse myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle, elaborate muscle-specific gene products, and fuse to form multinucleated myotubes. Addition of a purified mitogen, fibroblast growth factor, to mitogen-depleted medium stimulates continued proliferation and prevents terminal differentiation. When mitogens are removed for increasing durations and then refed, mouse myoblasts irreversibly commit to terminal differentiation: after 2-4 h in the absence of mitogens, myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle, elaborate muscle-specific gene products, and fuse in the presence of mitogens that have been fed back. Population kinetics of commitment determined with 3H-thymidine labeling and autoradiography suggest the following cell-cycle model for mouse myoblast commitment: (1) if mitogens are present in the extracellular environment of myoblasts in G1 of the cell cycle, the cells enter S and continue through another cell cycle; (2) if mitogens have been absent for 2 or more hours, cells in G1 do not enter S; the cells commit to differentiate, permanently withdraw from the cell cycle (will not enter S if mitogens are refed), and they subsequently elaborate acetylcholine receptors and fuse (even if mitogens are refed); (3) cells in other phases of the cell cycle continue to transit the cell cycle in the absence of mitogens until reaching the next G1. The commitment kinetics and experiments with mitotically synchronized cells suggest that the commitment “decision” is made during G1. Present results do not, however, exclude commitment of some cells in other phases of the cell cycle.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Human skeletal growth factor (hSGF), an 11-kD polypeptide purified from human bone, has been proposed to be a local regulator of bone formation. To investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms in an in vitro model system, we examined the effects of hSGF on proliferation and collagen synthesis in cells of the clonal osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1. This line was isolated from newborn mouse calvarial cells and retains many characteristics of mature osteoblasts (Sudo, H., et al., (1984) J. Cell Biol. 96:191). A 14-hr treatment with hSGF increased noncollagenous protein synthesis to 215% of unstimulated controls and increased collagen synthesis to 630% of controls as determined by [3H]proline incorporation and high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of [3H]proline and [3H]hydroxyproline in acid hydrolysates of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble protein. HSGF did not increase cell number over a 48-hr period and caused a reversible inhibition of DNA synthesis. Half-maximal hSGF concentration for stimulation of [3H]proline incorporation and inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation was 100 ng/ml. HSGF also inhibited DNA synthesis in cells stimulated by serum. In contrast, hSGF stimulated both collagen synthesis and DNA synthesis in primary cultures of chick embryo bone cells, which may be developmentally less mature than MC3T3-E1 cells. The results suggest that hSGF directly stimulated mature osteoblast matrix synthetic activity and that hSGF has differential effects on proliferation of osteoblast progenitor cells and mature osteoblasts.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 137 (1988), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Beta transforming growth factor (TGF beta) has multiple in vitro biological effects including stimulation or inhibition of proliferation of specific cell types. A second major form of TGF beta, TGF beta-2, has recently been isolated from porcine platelets, from bovine bone matrix, and from several other sources. The two forms of TGF beta are biologically equipotent with the exception that TGF beta-2 was much less active than TGF beta-1 for inhibition of proliferation of a rat pleuripotent hematopoietic stem cell line. During the purification of beta TGF from bone, we obtained two fraction pools that differed in their ability to inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation into aortic endothelial cells (AEC). We therefore compared highly purified TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2 isolated from porcine platelets for inhibition of DNA synthesis in mink lung epithelial cells (MvlLu), and in AEC, and for stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation in calvarial bone cells (CBC) in 3 experiments. TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2 inhibited cell proliferation in MvlLu with no significant differences in the ED50 (31± 8pg/ml vs 23± 7). TGF beta-2 was much less potent than TGF beta-1 in inhibiting DNA synthesis in AEC (6310 ± 985 pg/ml vs 101 ± 34). The reduced specific activity of TGF beta-2 was also observed in adrenal capillary endothelial cells. Both beta-1 and beta-2 stimulated proliferation of CBC (ED50 26 ± 2 pg/ml vs 10 ± 4). We also examined the specificity of the MvlLu and AEC inhibition assays. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), skeletal growth factor (SGF)/insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) did not inhibit DNA synthesis in either assay system. However, when the growth factors were added to maximal inhibiting concentrations of TGF beta-1, both acidic and basic FGF significantly reduced TGF beta-1 inhibition in AEC. We conclude that (1) inhibition of DNA synthesis in endothelial cells is relatively specific for TGF beta-1, (2) inhibition of DNA synthesis in MvlLu is a sensitive and specific assay for generic TGF beta activity but does not distinguish beta-1 from beta-2, (3) the relative inhibition of DNA synthesis in MvlLu and AEC may provide a means to quantitatively estimate TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2, and (4) both TGF beta-1 ad TGF beta-2 are potent mitogens for chicken embryonic calvarial bone cells.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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