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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antiemetic specificity of dopamine antagonists (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 210-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuroleptics ; Antiemetics ; Antiemetic specificity ; Dogs ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twelve antagonists of apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs were studied in different tests to evaluate their antiemetic specificity. Ten of these antagonists were neuroleptics: benzquinamide, clebopride, bromopride, prochlorperazine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, thiethylperazine, metoclopramide, droperidol, and pimozide blocked conditioned responding in dogs and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in rats. The use of these compounds as anti-emetics entails a risk of neurological side effects. Metopimazine and domperidone were devoid of neuroleptic activity. Metopimazine, however, showed potent α-adrenergic blocking activity, showed histamine H1 antagonism, and induced palpebral ptosis. Therapeutic doses of metopimazine are, therefore, likely to produce sedation and side-effects related to autonomic blockade. Domperidone showed potent antiemetic activity and, up to high doses, no other central or peripheral effects. Therefore, domperidone is the only specific antiemetic known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428152
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural activity of rats measured by a new method based on the piezo-electric principle (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 382-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motor activity ; Locomotion ; Behaviour ; Methods ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine ; Amphetamine ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Spontaneous and drug-induced (haloperidol, apomorphine, and amphetamine) motor activity of rats was measured simultaneously via two distinct and independent methods: the classical optical scanning technique and a new procedure based on the piezo-electric principle. The latter procedure measured animal-induced mechanical vibrations of a flexible cage floor which were transduced into electric signals via piezo-electricity. The piezo method appeared to be relatively more sensitive in recording the small, stereotyped motor movements induced by apomorpine (0.63–≧10 mg/kg) and high doses of amphetamine (2.5–≧20 mg/kg). The optical scanning technique, on the other hand, was more sensitive in recording horizontal displacements across the cage such as induced by low doses of amphetamine (0.31–2.5 mg/kg). Both methods showed comparable sensitivity in recording the depression of behaviour induced by haloperidol (0.04–≧1.25 mg/kg) or low doses of apomorphine (0.04–0.16 mg/kg). The piezo method may complement the optical scanning procedure, and thereby enhance the information on the extent that test compounds modify animal behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187261
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new motility meter based on the Doppler principle (1979)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 64 (1979), S. 333-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motility meter ; Haloperidol ; d,l-Amphetamine ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new motility meter for recording the locomotor activity of small laboratory animals is described in detail. The equipment is designed to record simultaneously, but independently, the motility of eight animals (or groups of animals) in separate cages. The functional mechanism is an application of the wellknown Doppler principle. The use of electromagnetic waves presents the important advantages of contactless detection and freedom from interference of external stimuli with spontaneous activity; both horizontal and vertical components of movement are registered. To test the equipment, motility was studied in rats treated with saline, haloperidol, d,l-amphetamine, and the combination of haloperidol and d,l-amphetamine. Motility, as measured with the Doppler motility meter, proved to be very sensitive to drug-effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427520
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of various neuroleptic drugs on shock avoidance responding in rats (1970)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Conditioning ; Neuroleptics ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibitory effects of four neuroleptic drugs on amphetamineinduced stimulation in a discriminated Sidman avoidance procedure in rats were measured. Amphetamine 0.63 mg/kg s.c. increased R (responses) and decreased W (warning stimuli), WR (warning responses) and S (shocks). Relatively low doses of all four neuroleptics antagonized the amphetamineinduced changes. The order of potency was haloperidol 〉 pimozide 〉 chlorpromazine 〉 pipamperone. The duration of action was pimozide 〉 haloperidol 〉 pipamperone 〉 chlorpromazine. Haloperidol, pimozide and pipamperone restored the amphetamine-induced changes to the initial control levels in the order: S, W, WR and R. With chlorpromazine this order was reversed, except for R. The different pharmacological profiles of haloperidol, pimozide and pipamperone are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402705
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; Monopolar Electrodes ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different subcutaneous doses (0.08, 0.16, 0.31, 0.63 and 1.25 mg/kg) of apomorphine on self-stimulation in rats, with monopolar nichrome electrodes, implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus were studied. Six different selected stimulus parameter combinations inducing different predictable response rates were used. Apomorphine was found to produce a dose-related response stimulation and a dose-related response depression. The highest stimulation was obtained at 0.63 mg/kg, the highest depression at 1.25 mg/kg. The response stimulation with apomorphine was 1. inversely related to the control response rate, i.e. the higher the control response rate, the lower the response stimulation after apomorphine and vice versa, 2. directly related to the control response rate of the individual rats, i.e. the highest response stimulation was obtained with the most sensitive rat and vice versa. The response inhibition with apomorphine was not related to the control response rates but was more pronounced during the first 1/2 h of the session. It is postulated that 1. increased self-stimulation with apomorphine could be the result of an increased motor response output; 2. decreased self-stimulation with apomorphine could be due to non-adaptive behaviour as a result of non-physiological overexcitation with interruption of integrated behaviour; 3. a complex behavioural pattern like intracranial self-stimulation depends on different interacting systems, mediated by different transmitters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421431
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 27 (1972), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuroleptics ; Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain ; Bundle ; Monopolar Electrodes ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Haloperidol, pimozide and pipamperone, three neuroleptics each with a different pharmacological and clinical profile were injected in rats with monopolar nichrome electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Six different selected stimulus parameter combinations were used, two producing a predictable low response rate, two a predictable high response rate and two a response rate varying from low to high and less predictable. Each rat received four doses of the three compounds. A dose-related inhibition was found with all compounds in all rats and at all stimulus parameter combinations. The ED50's estimated graphically for the three compounds are: haloperidol: 0.055 mg/kg, pimozide: 0.220 mg/kg and pipamperone: 19.8 mg/kg. Overall drug effects indicate an inverse log-normal linear relationship between the quantitity of charge and the percentage of inhibition in response rate. This corresponds with a high inhibition at low response rates and vice versa, except that stimulus parameter combinations with lower frequencies are somewhat more sensitive to drug effects than those with higher frequencies. At the highest doses of the three compounds an almost equally high inhibition rate for all stimulus parameter combinations is obtained. The results obtained with neuroleptics in self-stimulation are compared to those obtained with different learned behavioural reactions and it is assumed that neuroleptics interfere with a general system involved in the output of stereotyped learned behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422799
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of various neuroleptic drugs on noise escape response in rats (1970)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 18 (1970), S. 249-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Neuroleptics ; Rats ; Trained ; Noise Escape ; Shuttle Box
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of twenty neuroleptic drugs on noise escape behavior were studied in rats trained to interrupt an aversive noise (95 decibels recycling every 20 sec) by jumping, in a shuttle box, from one compartment into the other. All twenty drugs prolonged the latency (T) and reduced the frequency (F) of the noise escape response rate. Under the described experimental conditions, the order of potency of the 20 neuroleptics studied was: spiroperidol 〉 spirilene ⩾ trifluperidol 〉 benperidol 〉 droperidol 〉 spiramide 〉 clofluperol ⩾ moperone 〉 perphenazine 〉 haloperidol ⩾ fluphenazine 〉 amiperone 〉 trifluperazine 〉 pimozide 〉 thioperazine 〉 triflupromazine ⩾ fluanisone 〉 chlorpromazine 〉 pipamperone 〉 thioridazine. For all compounds tested, T was more sensitive to drug effect than F. Using the F 45/T 900 ratio, the order of specificity of the compounds studied was: pimozide 〉 benperidol ⩾ spirilene ⩾ clofluperol 〉 trifluperidol ⩾ haloperidol ⩾ fluphenazine ⩾ spiroperidol = perphenazine ⩾ moperone = trifluperazine = thioperazine ⩾ spiramide 〉 amiperone ⩾ droperidol 〉 triflupromazine ⩾ chlorpromazine ⩾ fluanisone 〉 thioridazine ⩾ pipamperone. As far as potency was concerned, there was a good correlation (r=0.974) between the F 900-values of the noise escape test and the ED50-values in the nondiscriminated Sidman avoidance test in rats and, as far as sedative properties were concerned, between the F 45/T 900 ratio and the palpebral ptosis/catalepsy ratio (r = −0.960) of the observation test in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412671
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of haloperidol and amphetamine on two different noise-escape situations in rats (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 25 (1972), S. 22-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Haloperidol ; Amphetamine ; Rats ; Noise-Escape ; Shuttle Box ; Skinner Box
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The learning process of two different noise-escape responses—lever pressing and jumping—was studied in the same rats using a shuttle box automatically transformable during the experimental sessions into two Skinner boxes. The effects of different doses of haloperidol and amphetamine were studied in rats overtrained in the two situations. The learning process was slower in the Skinner box than in the shuttle box. To reach the maximum response level in 50% of the rats 13 to 18 training sessions of 5 min were necessary in the shuttle box versus 31 to 36 in the Skinner box. Haloperidol prolonged the latency (T) and reduced the frequency (F and F′) of both lever pressing (L) and jumping responses (J) to about the same extent at the same dose levels (lowest effective dose 0.04 mg/kg s.c.). At 0.005 mg/kg haloperidol slightly increased F′L. At doses lower than 2.5 mg/kg, amphetamine decreased T in both the Skinner and the shuttle box and the ineffective responses (F′) were increased up to 4 to 5 times their control values. The lowest effective dose was 0.16 mg/kg in the shuttle box (F′J) and 0.31 mg/kg in the Skinner box (F′L). At 2.5 mg/kg amphetamine increased T and reduced F.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422613
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of pimozide on dominant-subordinate behaviour in wistar rats competing for food (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 31 (1973), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rats ; Dominant-Subordinate Behaviour ; Food Competition ; Aggressiveness ; Pimozide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new procedure for studying dominant-subordinate (D-S) relationship in pairs of rats, competing for food, is described. The experimental design has the advantage of being stable for a long time without “spontaneous” D-S reversals. The method was used for testing the effects of pimozide, a highly potent and long-acting neuroleptic, on D-S behaviour. Treating the dominant rat of a pair (subcutaneously, 4 h before the test session), a significant weakening of the initially strong D-S relationship was demonstrated with a dose of 0.16 mg/kg, while 0.63 mg/kg of pimozide resulted in a nearly complete D-S reversal. Significant changes of D-S relationship were not observed when the subordinate rat was treated with 0.08, 0.16 or 0.31 mg/kg of pimozide. The results point at a normalizing effect of pimozide on social interaction through inhibition of aggressive behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429298
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracranial self-stimulation in rats as a function of various stimulus parameters (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 38 (1974), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Rats ; Self-Stimulation ; Medial Forebrain Bundle ; Various Stimulus Parameter Combinations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different subcutaneous doses of cocaine (0.63, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 and 10.0 mg/kg) on self-stimulation in rats were studied. Monopolar nichrome electrodes were implanted in the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Six different stimulus parameter combinations (SPC's), inducing different predictable response rates were used. Cocaine showed a dose-related response stimulation, the highest at 10 mg/kg (49.7%); the response depression was very low at all doses and ranged from 3.20–8.23%. In the described experimental conditions apomorphine, amphetamine and cocaine have some properties in common but there are also important differences. With the three compounds response stimulation is related to the total control response rates at the different SPC's and is the highest at the two SPCs inducing the lowest control response rate. The differences in response stimulation associated with low intensity and low frequency SPC's could be related to a different mechanism of action. The response depression, the highest with apomorphine and the lowest with cocaine seems to be related to the stereotype inducing property of the compounds. The obtained effects of the three compounds are discussed in terms of their possible different influence on the dopaminergic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421372
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