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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute and chronic imipramine administration on conflict behavior in the rat: a potential “animal model” for the study of panic disorder? (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Panic disorder ; Generalized anxiety ; Conditioned suppression of drinking (CSD) ; Imipramine ; Conflict behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although numerous animal procedures have been employed in the study of generalized anxiety and agents effective in treating generalized anxiety, an analogous “behavioral model” for the study of panic disorder does not exist. In the present study, the effects of imipramine were examined in a potential “animal model” for panic disorder, the conditioned suppression of drinking (CSD) paradigm. In daily 10-min sessions, water-deprived rats were trained to drink from a tube that was occasionally electrified (0.5 mA). Electrification was signalled by a tone. Imipramine was administered both in an acute (3.5–20 mg/kg, IP) and a chronic (2.5 mg/kg, IP, twice daily for 5 weeks) regimen. Acute administration of imipramine resulted in a decrease in the number of shocks accepted and a decrease in water intake. In contrast, chronic administration of imipramine resulted in a gradual increase in the number of shocks received in CSD sessions over the course of several weeks of testing. This time-dependent increase in punished responding in the CSD observed during chronic imipramine treatment parallels the time-dependent reduction in the severity and frequency of panic attacks in panic disorder patients receiving chronic imipramine. Thus, the CSD paradigm might serve as an “animal model” for the study of panic disorder and potential anti-panic agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174499
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute and chronic anti-panic drug administration on conflict behavior in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 98 (1989), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Panic disorder ; Generalized anxiety ; Conditioned Suppression of Drinking (CSD) ; Desipramine ; Amitriptyline ; Phenelzine ; Conflict behavior ; Anti-panic drugs ; Antidepressants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present studies were undertaken to evaluate further the utility of the Conditioned Suppression of Drinking (CSD) conflict pardigm as an animal model for the study of panic disorder and anti-panic agents. In daily 10-min sessions, water-deprived rats were trained to drink from a tube which was occasionally electrified (0.5 mA). Electrification was signalled by a tone. Desipramine (DMI), amitriptyline (AMI), or phenelzine (PHEN) was administered both in acute (10-min pre-treatment) and chronic (twice daily for up to 9 weeks) regimens. Acute administration of DMI, AMI or PHEN over a wide range of doses resulted in no change or a decrease in the number of shocks accepted and a decrease in water intake at higher doses. In contrast, chronic administration of each agent resulted in a gradual (2–4 week latency) increase in the number of shocks received in CSD sessions over the course of several weeks of testing. This time-dependent increase in punished responding in the CSD observed during chronic anti-panic drug treatment parallels the time-dependent reduction in the severity and frequency of panic attacks in panic disorder patients receiving chronic antidepressants. Thus, the CSD paradigm might serve as an animal model for the study of panic disorder and potential anti-panic agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444685
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antagonism of the anti-conflict effects of phenobarbital, but not diazepam, by the A-1 adenosine agonistl-PIA (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Adenosine ; Anxiety ; Conflict behavior ; Caffeine ; Conditioned Suppression of Drinking (CSD) ; Diazepam ; l-PIA ; NECA ; Phenobarbital ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the effects of the anxiolytics diazepam and phenobarbital, the A-1 adenosine agonist N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (l-PIA), and the A-2 adenosine agonist 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) on conflict behavior. Water-restricted rats were trained to drink from a tube that was electrified (0.5 mA intensity) on a FI-29s schedule, electrification being signaled by a tone. After 3 weeks of daily 10-min sessions, the animals accepted a stable number of shocks (punished responding) and consumed a consistent volume of water (unpunished responding) per session. Different doses ofl-PIA and NECA were then tested separately at weekly intervals. In addition, the effects of diazepam and phenobarbital were determined in animals pretreated with saline,l-PIA, or NECA. Neitherl-PIA (15–250 nmole/kg) nor NECA (2.5–20 nmole/kg) produced a significant anti-conflict effect when administered alone. Diazepam (1.25–10 mg/kg) or phenobarbital (10–40 mg/kg) administration to saline-pretreated rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in punished responding (shocks received) with minimal effects on unpunished responding (water intake). Neitherl-PIA nor NECA pretreatment reliably altered the effects of diazepam on conflict behavior. Pretreatment withl-PIA, but not NECA, significantly reduced the anti-conflict effects of phenobarbital on conflict behavior. These data suggest that phenobarbital, but not diazepam, anti-conflict responses may involve interactions with A-1 adenosine receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244091
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-conflict efficacy of buspirone following acute versus chronic treatment (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 427-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anxiety ; Anxiolytic efficacy ; Buspirone ; Chronic drug treatment ; Conflict behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In many animal studies, acute treatment with the novel anxiolytic agent buspirone exhibits only minimal “anxiolytic efficacy” (i.e., increases in punished responding) when compared to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. The present studies examined the effects of acute pre-test challenges with buspirone in subjects receiving chronic post-test buspirone or saline treatments. Chronic post-test treatment with buspirone (4 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, followed by 8 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks) did not significantly affect CSD behavior. Consistent with previous reports, acute pre-test administration of buspirone (0.125–2 mg/kg, IP) to subjects receiving chronic post-test saline treatment resulted in only a modest anti-conflict effect in the CSD paradigm (approximately ten shocks over control). In contrast, subjects chronically treated with buspirone exhibited a dramatically greater anti-conflict effect following acute challenge with buspirone (up to 40 shocks over control). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the full anxiolytic efficacy of buspirone requires repeated administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445572
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzodiazepine anti-conflict effects in maudsley reactive (MR/Har) and non-reactive (MNRA/Har) rats (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 100 (1990), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: MR/Har and MNRA/Har Maudsley rat strains ; Conflict behavior ; Anxiety ; Alprazolam ; Diazepam ; Benzodiazepines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Maudsley Reactive (MR/Har) and Non-Reactive (MNRA/Har) rat strains, bred originally by Broadhurst for differences in Open Field Defecation, also differ in their control (i.e., non-drug) behavior in the Conditioned Suppression of Drinking (CSD) conflict procedure, a second “model” behavior for the study of anxiety and/or emotionality in rats. The present studies compared the effects of diazepam and alprazolam on CSD behavior in these two strains of rats. In daily 10-min sessions, water-deprived rats were trained to drink from a tube that was occasionally electrified (0.2–0.5 mA), electrification being signaled by a tone. Both diazepam and alprazolam increased punished responding in a dose-related manner. The per cent increase in punished responding (for diazepam only) was comparable in the two strains; however, both statistical and empirical approaches indicated that the magnitude of the anti-conflict effect of benzodiazepines in MNRA/Har versus MR/Har rats was not related to differences in baseline (i.e., non-drug) punished responding. Based on the absolute change in shocks received, rats of the MNRA/Har strain exhibited a significantly greater anti-conflict effect following diazepam or alprazolam treatment than did rats of the MR/Har strain. These findings further the hypothesis that the behavioral differences exhibited by Maudsley MR/Har and MNRA/Har rat strains may constitute a genetically-based “animal model” for the study of emotionality and/or anxiety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244595
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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