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  • General Chemistry  (34)
  • Organic Chemistry  (7)
  • Radical ions  (3)
  • Cyclic voltammetry  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A First Example of a Porphyrinoid Fulvalene: Synthesis, Structure, ESR and Electrochemical InvestigationsThe macrocyclic tetraepoxy-1H-[21]annulen-1-one 4 can by synthesized by the cyclizing Wittig reaction of 5,5′-carbonylbis[furan-2-carboxaldehyde] (11) and the bisphosphonium salt 12, obtained from 2,2′-bifuran-5,5′-dicarboxaldehyde (13). According to an X-ray structure analysis, the annulenone 4 is not planar in the crystal; the 1H-NMR spectra of 4 reveal an averaged planarity with respect to the NMR timescale. The McMurry reaction of 4 yields fulvalene 3 in 43% yield as the most expanded fulvalene hithertoo known. The X-ray structure analyses of 3 surprising establishes a ‘syn’-orientation of the two rings with respect to the central C=C bond, thus forming a basket-like molecule. The 1H-NMR spectrum confirms the averaged planarity of both macrocycles in 3. CV and spectroelectrochemical measurements of 3 suggest a reversible two-electron reduction producing dianion 15 with two aromatic, anionic 5a,15a-didehydro-10H-21,22,23,24-tetraoxa-5a,15a-dihomocorrole (= tetraoxa[22]porphyrin(2.1.2.0)) ring systems containing 22π electrons each. The formation of 15 can also be achieved chemically by reaction of 3 with metallic potassium. The dication 16 of 3 may be antiaromatic, but the exact electronic structure is dubious. ESR and ENDOR investigations on the radical cation and the radical anion of 3 indicate that the free electron is delocalized in the entire molecule.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 727-735 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Quinones ; Electron exchange ; Radical ions ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electron-Transfer Behaviour of Quinoid Compounds: Acenazulenediones - A Study by Chemical and Electrochemical Methods and by UV/VIS SpectroelectrochemistryIn contrast to arene-condensed benzoquinones, polycyclic 1,4-quinones (Q) containing azulenoid partial structurs dimerize on reduction to their radical anions. These investigations were undertaken with naphth[2,3-a]azulene-5,12-dione (1), azuleno[1,2-b]anthracene-6,13-dione (8), benzazulenediones 10, and with benz[a]anthracene-7,12-dione (9). Evidence which originally came from cyclovoltammetry is now confirmed by spectroscopic data (UV/VIS spectroelectrochemistry) and by chemical reduction with sodium metal. The equilibrium 2 Q·- ⇌ (Q-Q)2- depends strongly on structural details. In case of extended arene condensation it is shifted to the dimeric. The structure and the electron transfer behaviour of the dimeric dianions (Q-Q)2- are determined. The radical anions (Q)·- are characterized by their UV/VIS spectra obtained from UV/VIS spectroelectrochemistry. A qualitative evaluation of the strength of the central bond in the radical anions (Q-Q)·- as well as in the dianions (Q-Q)2- and the radical trianions (Q-Q)3·- is given. Some chemical and physical properties of the radical cation 1·+ are reported.
    Notes: Polycyclische Chinone (Q) mit azulenoiden Teilstrukturen dimerisieren bei der Reduktion zu den Radikalanionen. Die konstitutionsisomeren arenkondensierten Verbindungen zeigen dieses Verhalten nicht. Dies wird am Beispiel von Naphth[2,3-a]azulen-5,12-dion (1), Azuleno[1,2-b]anthracen-6,13-dion (8), Benzazulendionen 10 und Benz[a]anthracen-7,12-dion (9) gezeigt. Erste Hinweise für die Ursache dieses Verhaltens stammen aus Untersuchungen mit der Cyclovoltammetrie. Eine Bestätigung dieser Ergebnisse erfolgt jetzt durch spektroskopische Daten (UV/VIS-Spektroelektrochemie) und durch die chemische Reduktion mit Natrium. Die Lage des Gleichgewichts 2 Q·- ⇌ (Q-Q)2- ist strukturabhängig. Die Strukturen der dimeren Dianionen (Q-Q)2- und der Radikalanionen (Q)-) werden durch Elektronenspektroskopie und teilweise durch 1H-NMR charakterisiert und zugeordnet. Die Stärke der zentralen Bindung der Radikalanionen (Q-Q)·-, Dianionen (Q-Q)2- und Radikaltrianionen (Q-Q)3·- wird qualitativ abgeschätzt. Über einige chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften des Radikalkations 1·+ wird außerdem berichtet.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Electron exchange ; Radical ions ; ec mechanism ; Cyclovoltammetry ; UV/VIS spectroelectrochemistry ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methoxy-Substituted Acenazulenes: Chemical und Electrochemical Reduction in Aprotic Solvents - Characterizations of Radical Ions, σ-Bridged Dianions, and Cyclic Conjugated DianionsAcenazulene radical anions 3·-, 6·-, and 8a·-, generated on electrochemical reduction of dimethoxyacenazulenes 3, 6 and 8a, are found to undergo reversible dimerization with formation of covalently bonded dianions 52-, 72- and 9a2-. These results and additional information on the equilibria and the mechanisms are obtained from cyclovoltammetry and UV/VIS spectroelectro-chemistry. Spectroscopic data of the intermediates are given. At higher negative reduction potential, dianions 32-, 62- and 8a2- are formed. Reoxidation yields acenazulenes 3, 6 and 8a. The electrochemical reduction of 2-(1,4-dimethoxy-2,3-dimethylbenz[a]azulen-10-yl)-1,4-naphthoquinone (8b) occurs in a three-step process: 8b → semiquinone 8b·- → hydroquinone dianion 8b2- → trianion 8b·3-. By cyclovoltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry it is shown that trimethoxyazulene 8a on oxidation leads to a fast and reversible equilibrium of radical cations 8a·+ and covalently bonded dication 10+2. Dianion 32- and the dimeric dianion 92- were independently synthesized by sodium-mirror reduction, and their structures were proven by 1H NMR. It is demonstrated that acenazulenes are specifically and selectively working chemical sensors for oxidative and reductive one-electron-transfer processes due to their reversible ec behaviour.
    Notes: Die Elektronentransfer-Redoxchemie der Di- und Trimethoxy-acenazulene 3, 6 und 8 wurde mit elektrochemischen (Cyclovoltammetrie), chemischen (Natrium-Spiegel-Reduktion) und spektroskopischen (UV/VIS-Spektroelektrochemie, 1H-NMR) Methoden untersucht. Die Radikalanionen 3·-, 6·- und 8a·- bilden mit den σ-verknüpften Dianionen 52-, 72- und 9a2- thermodynamische Gleichgewichte, deren Lage von Struktur und Substitution der Azulene abhängt. Die elektrochemische Oxidation von 52-, 72- und 9a2- führt zur Rückbildung der Acenazulene 3, 6 und 8a, während bei der Weiterreduktion die Dianionen 32-, 62- und 8a2- gebildet werden. 2-(1,4-Dimethoxy-2,3-dimethyl-benz[a]azulen-10-yl)-1,4-naphthochinon (8b) wird stufenweise über Semichinon 8b·- und Hydrochinondianion 8b2- bis zum Trianion 8b·3- reduziert. Die elektrochemische Oxidation von Trimethoxybenzazulen 8a führt über das Radikalkation 8a·+ zu den ò-verknüpften Dikation 10+2, die wiederum im thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht stehen. Aus 10+2 wird durch Reduktion das Azulen 8a vollständig zurückgebildet. Dianion 32- und das σ-verknüpfte Dianion 9a2- wurden auf unabhängigem Wege durch Reduktion mit metallischem Natrium erzeugt und 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Acenazulene sind somit reversibel und selektiv arbeitende chemische Sonden für reduktive und oxidative Einelektrontransfer-Prozesse: Bei der Oxidation entstehen über die Fünfringe verknüpfte Dikationen, bei der Reduktion über die Siebenringe verknüpfte Dianionen. Mechanistische Aspekte werden kurz diskutiert, und Elektronenspektren von Radikalionen und Dianionspezies sind angegeben.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Stilbenes ; Push-pull substitution ; Electron transfer ; (Z)/(E) Isomerisation ; Radical ions ; Cyclic voltammetry ; Spectroelectrochemistry ; ESR / ENDOR ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Redox-active compounds, in which the electron donor and the acceptor subunits are covalently linked by a vinylene spacer group were synthesised and their properties were investigated by cyclovoltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, and ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy.  -  10-Methylphenothiazinyl, 10-methylphenoxazinyl, and phenoxathiinyl were used as electron-donating groups whereas 9,10-anthraquinon-2-yl and phenyl groups were employed as acceptors. The synthesis of the push-pull-substituted stilbenes 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2b and 2c was achieved by Wittig coupling of the heterocyclic aldehydes with the anthraquinoyl or phenyl phosphonium salts. The diastereoisomers were separated either by chromatography or by crystallization.  -  The redox potentials of the (Z) and (E) isomers differ only slightly. Spectroelectrochemical measurements indicate that the radical cations of the phenothiazine and phenoxazine derivatives undergo rearrangement from the (Z) to the (E) isomers. On the other hand, electron attachment leads to configurationally stable radical anions. This behaviour is rationalised in terms of the electron distribution reflected by the hyperfine data established by ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0947-3440
    Keywords: Thermal and photochemical electrocyclization reactions ; Photochromism ; Molecular switching ; Luminescent properties ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reversible interconversion of dihydroazulene (DHA) and vinylheptafulvene (VHF) can be utilized to switch a number of physical properties. This communication reports on a fluorescent switch. By a multistep sequence involving an [8 + 2] cycloaddition route 9-anthracenyl-1,4-phenylene was covalently attached to C-2 of the DHA chromophore affording DHA-1 which undergoes complete and clean photochemical ring opening to vinylheptafulvene VHF-1. The latter is thermally reverted to DHA-1. The kinetics and the energetics of the thermal back reaction are discussed. On/off switching of luminescence was investigated: DHA-1 displays fluorescence whereas VHF-1 is nonfluorescent at ambient temperature.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1998 (1998), S. 1549-1557 
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Functionalized fullerenes ; Cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry ; Ions and radical ions ; Absorption and emission spectra ; Intramolecular energy transfer ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: C60 and C70 adducts containing spacer-linked phenyl (BK1), 9-anthracenyl (BK2), 4-(9-anthracenyl)phenyl (BK3), and 1-pyrenyl groups (BE1 and FE1) have been studied. Two different synthetic pathways were employed based on the [4+2] cycloaddition of fullerenes with 2-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadienes (TB). Spectroscopic data for the new compounds are given. Electrochemical and optoelectrochemical studies were undertaken by using cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical methods. The fluorescence emission spectra of BK2, BK3, BE1, and FE1 are reported. Intramolecular energy transfer from the excited fluorophore to the fullerene subunit is shown to occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 86 (1974), S. 54-54 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electrochromes ; cyclic voltammetry ; heterocycles ; optical memory ; photochromes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of the dihydroazulenes (DHAs) DHA-a-DHA-f containing covalently linked heteroaromatic subunits derived from dibenzodioxin, thianthrene, phenoxathiine, N-methylphenothiazine, N-methylphenoxazine, and N,N′-dimethylphenazine groups are described, and their spectroscopic and analytical data are reported. The dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photochromism (photochemical forward and thermal back reaction) depends with high sensitivity on the electronic properties of the functional groups. Whereas the dimethylphenazine derivative DHA-f is photochemically inactive towards rearrangement, all other DHAs (DHA-a-DHA-e) were found to isomerize to the corresponding vinylheptafulvene forms under irradiation. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the DHA and the VHP forms have significantly different oxidation and reduction waves. The products of the-oxidative one-electron transfer are characterized by UV/Vis/NIR spectroelectrochemistry. Those DHAs having weaker donor substituents (DHA-a-DHA-c) undergo oxidative dimerization whereas DHAs with stronger donating heterocyclic subunits (DHA-d-DHA-f) form stable radical cations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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