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  • Daytime sleepiness  (1)
  • Key words Anemia  (1)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Pramipexol ; Ropinirol ; Narkolepsie ; Tagesmüdigkeit ; Keywords Pramipexole ; Ropinirole ; Narcolepsy ; Daytime sleepiness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Recently, sudden “sleep attacks” have been described in parkinsonian patients taking the nonergoline dopamine agonists pramipexole and ropinirole. Due to this possible side effect, patients must be instructed not to drive vehicles and to refrain from other activities carrying the risk of self-injury. However, the very existence of sleep attacks remains controversial in sleep medicine, since a gradual transition from wakefulness to sleep is normally observed. Accordingly, sudden onset of sleep, e.g., in narcolepsy or sleep apnea syndrome, is usually associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. Prevalence of sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness have been shown to be increased in Parkinson's disease. Nonergoline dopamine agonists are already known to induce somnolence. Currently, it is not predictable whether sleep attacks represent a sudden transition from wakefulness to sleep or result from an increased propensity to fall asleep, with patients perceiving a sudden onset. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms and legal implications of sleep attacks are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Zusammenhang mit der Einnahme der Nonergolin-Dopaminagonisten Pramipexol und Ropinirol wurde vor kurzem das Auftreten plötzlicher “Schlafattacken” bei Parkinson-Patienten postuliert. Aufgrund dieser möglichen Nebenwirkung müssen mit Pramipexol oder Ropinirol behandelte Patienten darauf hingewiesen werden, kein Kraftfahrzeug zu führen und keine anderen Aktivitäten, bei denen ein Mangel an Aufmerksamkeit zu Selbst- oder Fremdgefährdung führt, auszuüben. Aus schlafmedizinischer Sicht gilt das Auftreten von “Schlafattacken” jedoch als ungewöhnlich, da ein allmählicher Übergang aus dem Wach- in den Schlafzustand angenommen wird. So ist das z. B. bei der Narkolepsie oder dem Schlafapnoesyndrom beschriebene rasche Einschlafen in der Regel mit vorbestehender Tagesmüdigkeit assoziiert. Schlafstörungen und Tagesmüdigkeit weisen eine hohe Prävalenz bei der Parkinson-Krankheit auf. Zudem ist Schläfrigkeit als Nebenwirkung der Nonergolin-Dopaminagonisten bereits bekannt. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ist nicht vorhersagbar, ob es sich bei den “Schlafattacken” um einen plötzlichen Übergang aus dem Wach- in den Schlafzustand handelt oder diese überwiegend als Folge eines subjektiv als plötzlich empfundenen Einschlafens bei vorbestehender Tagesmüdigkeit zu interpretieren sind. Mögliche pathophysiologische Mechanismen des Phänomens der “Schlafattacken” sowie rechtliche Implikationen aus der Aufklärungspflicht des Arztes werden in diesem Beitrag diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Anemia ; Preterm infants ; Serum lactate ; Cardiac output ; Oxygen saturation ; Blood transfusion ; Oxygen delivery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Whether and when to transfuse in anemia of prematurity is highly controversial. Some authors suggest transfusions simply if the hemoglobin (Hb) level is below a defined normal range. Others propose the use of clinical or laboratory parameters in anemic patients to decide whether to transfuse or not. Hypothesis: A decreasing amount of circulating Hb should cause a compensatory increase in cardiac output (CO) and an increase in arterial serum lactate. Materials and methods: In 56 anemic preterm infants (not in respiratory or hemodynamic failure) we analyzed CO after the first week of life using a Doppler sonographic method. At the same time serum lactate levels, Hb levels and oxygen saturation were registered. Nineteen of these patients were given transfusion when they demonstrated clinical signs of anemia by tachycardia 〉180/min, tachypnea, retractions, apneas and centralization (group 2). The remaining 37 patients were not transfused (group 1). Serum lactate, CO, heart rate (HR), oxygen delivery, respiratory rate, capillary refill and Hb were analyzed in both groups and in group 2 before and 12–24 h after transfusion. Data between groups  1 and 2 and in group 2 before and after transfusion were compared. Results: In the 56 patients studied no linear correlation between Hb and CO or between Hb and serum lactate was found. Nor could any correlation be demonstrated between the other variables studied. Examining the subgroups separately, a negative linear correlation was demonstrated between serum lactate and oxygen delivery in group 2. No other significant correlations were detected. However, when the pre- and post-transfusion data were compared in group 2 (increase of Hb from 9.45 (SD 3.44) to 12.5 (SD 3.8) g/100 ml), the CO decreased from 281.3 (SD 162.6) to 224 (SD 95.7) ml/kg per min (p〈0.01) and serum lactate decreased significantly from 3.23 mmol/l (SD 2.07) before to 1.71 (SD 0.83) after transfusion. Oxygen delivery was 35.8 (±0.19) ml/kg per min group 1, 27.8 (±0.05) pre- and 43.4 (±0.07) post-transfusion in group 2 (p〈0.01). Conclusions: CO measurements and serum lactate levels add little information to the decision-making process for blood transfusions, as neither CO nor serum lactate levels correlate with Hb levels in an otherwise asymptomatic population of preterm infants. In infants where the indication for blood transfusion is made based on traditionally accepted clinical criteria, serum lactate is an additional laboratory indicator of impaired oxygenation, as it correlates significantly with oxygen delivery. A significantly lower oxygen delivery in patients in whom blood transfusion is indicated and an increase in oxygen induced by transfusion demonstrate the value of these criteria in identifying preterm infants who benefit from transfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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