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  • PCP  (4)
  • Demand  (2)
  • Drinking behavior  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased phencyclidine self-administration due to food deprivation: Interaction with concentration and training conditions (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Concentration ; Food deprivation ; Food satiation ; History ; Oral drug self-administration ; Phencyclidine ; PCP ; Training condition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six monkeys were trained to self-administer orally delivered phencyclidine (0.25 mg/ml) under a fixed-ratio 16 (FR-16) schedule. Water was concurrently available under an FR-16 schedule. During initial phencyclidine training, three monkeys were allowed free access to food (food satiation) and three were maintained at 85% of their free-feeding body weights (food deprivation). At the end of the training phase, the food-satiated monkeys were food-deprived. After behavior was stable for ten sessions, all monkeys were food-satiated and tested with a range of phencyclidine concentrations (0.0625–1 mg/ml). They were subsequently food-deprived and tested with concentrations of 0.0312–1 mg/ml, and then they were again food-satiated and tested with 0.0312 and 0.25 mg/ml. The monkeys that were trained to self-administer phencyclidine-maintained responding at lower drug concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. In contrast, monkeys that were trained while food-deprived did not respond for phencyclidine in excess of water at the lower concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. Drug-maintained performance during food deprivation did not change systematically as a function of training condition (food deprivation versus food satiation). These results illustrated a marked interaction between drug concentration and the feeding condition and this interaction was modified by training history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral self-administration of phencyclidine analogs by rhesus monkeys: Conditioned taste and visual reinforcers (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 78 (1982), S. 116-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned reinforcement ; Dissociative anesthetics ; Oral drug self-administration ; PCE ; PCP ; Rhesus monkeys ; Taste ; TCP ; Visual stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three monkeys self-administered orally-delivered phencyclidine, 1-(1-phencyclohexyl) piperidine (PCP), N-ethyl-1-phencyclohexylamine (PCE), and 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP) over a wide range of concentrations (0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/ml). Water was also available under a concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 16 schedule. Drug deliveries were substantially higher than concurrent water deliveries at all concentrations, indicating that the three compounds functioned as effective reinforcers. Maximum liquid deliveries occurred at concentrations of 0.0625 (PCP and TCP) and 0.125 mg/ml (PCE). TCP was much shorter-acting (10–15 min) than PCP (4–6 h) based on observations of severe ataxia at high concentrations. To investigate the conditioned reinforcing effects of taste, a quinine solution (0.088 mg/ml) was substituted for PCP (0.25 mg/ml) in five monkeys. Four monkeys responded for quinine in excess of water for a range of seven to over 30 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) did not show any substantial responding for quinine. With the same five monkeys (treatment order mixed), the effect of visual stimuli was tested by substituting water for PCP while retaining the visual stimuli indicating drug availability. Four monkeys showed increased responding on the side signaling drug for only 0–4 sessions, while one monkey (M-R) showed persistent responding for water on the side with drug stimuli for 29 sessions. These results indicated that taste functioned as an effective conditioned reinforcer, while visual stimuli appeared to be less effective in the oral drug self-administration paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432246
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoshaping i.v. cocaine self-administration in rats: effects of nondrug alternative reinforcers on acquisition (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acquisition ; Autoshaping ; Cocaine ; Drinking behavior ; Food deprivation ; Glucose and saccharin (G+S) ; Intravenous ; Rats ; Self ; administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of a nondrug alternative reinforcer and feeding conditions on the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Rats were autoshaped to press a lever that resulted in a 0.2 mg/kg IV cocaine infusion. Responses on the lever were monitored during six consecutive autoshaping sessions that occurred each day. A retractable lever was inserted into the operant chamber on a random time 60 s schedule 10 times per session for six sessions that began each hour. Each day the six autoshaping sessions were followed by a 6-h cocaine self-administration session. During self-administration the lever remained extended, and each response on the lever resulted in a cocaine infusion (0.2 mg/kg). The criterion for acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior was met when there were 5 consecutive days during which the mean number of infusions during the 6-h self-administration session was at least 100. This procedure was repeated daily until the criterion was met or 30 days elapsed. The rats were also trained to respond on lick-operated automatic drinking devices that delivered 0.05 ml water or a glucose and saccharin solution (G+S) contingent upon each lick response. Five groups of 12–14 rats were compared. The first four groups constituted a 2 × 2 factorial design whereby either G+S or water was available in the home cage for 3 weeks before autoshaping began and G+S or water was available in the operant chamber during autoshaping. These groups were limited to 20 g food per day and all had free access to water. A fifth group had only water available in the home cage and operant chamber, and they had unlimited access to food but no G+S. The results indicated that access to the G+S solution in the operant chamber substantially delayed autoshaping, and a large percentage of these rats did not meet the autoshaping criterion within 30 days. The data from groups that had G+S in the home cage were very similar to those that had only water in the home cage; thus, a history of access to G+S did not interfere with acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Autoshaping in the group that had free access to food was highly variable, but a high positive correlation was found between the amount of food consumed and the number of days taken to meet the acquisition criterion. When the rats from the group that consumed over 20 g were compared to the rats in another group that were limited to 20 g and had no G+S, it was found that the increased food intake markedly decreased the rate of acquisition of cocaine self-administration. These findings indicate that acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior is delayed or prevented in environments enriched with nondrug alternative reinforcers such as food and a preferred liquid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246944
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive ratio and behavioral economic evaluation of the reinforcing efficacy of orally delivered phencyclidine and ethanol in monkeys: effects of feeding conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 128 (1996), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral economics ; Break point ; Drug self-administration ; Ethanol ; Food restriction ; Food satiation ; PCP ; Phencyclidine ; Progressive ratio ; Rhesus monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of feeding conditions on the reinforcing efficacy of orally-delivered drugs was evaluated using a progressive-ratio (PR) paradigm and a behavioral economic analysis of demand. Seven monkeys self-administered phencyclidine (PCP) (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ml) or ethanol (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% wt/vol) and concurrent water from two drinking spouts under concurrent PR schedules. The ratios increased from 8 to 4096, and 40 liquid deliveries were available after completion of each ratio schedule. The entire range of drug concentrations was presented in nonsystematic order under two feeding conditions, food restriction and food satiation. Drug maintained responses, deliveries and break points were significantly greater than those maintained by water. Food restriction significantly increased the rate of PCP-maintained responses, deliveries and PR break points over the food satiation baseline. There was also a significant interaction between feeding condition and drug concentration. Although ethanol-maintained responses, liquid deliveries and break points consistently increased in five of seven monkeys during food restriction, only drug concentration produced significant differences in these measures. Using break point as a measure of reinforcing efficacy, food restriction increased the reinforcing efficacy of PCP and had a more pronounced effect at higher drug unit prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050134
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of buprenorphine on self-administration of cocaine and a nondrug reinforcer in rats (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Buprenorphine ; Cocaine self-administration ; Drinking behavior ; Intravenous rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nine groups of rats self-administered intravenously-delivered cocaine (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) during 24-h sessions contingent upon lever-press responses under a fixed-ratio (FR) 4 schedule. Three other groups of rats responded on tongue-operated drinking devices for deliveries (0.01 ml) of a solution of glucose and saccharin (G+S). There were an additional three groups that initially self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/kg), and later saline replaced cocaine and extinction behavior was allowed to stabilize. All 15 groups of rats were injected twice daily for 5 days with one of three doses of buprenorphine (0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg). Buprenorphine decreased cocaine self-administration, but the effect of the highest dose was only slightly greater than that of the lowest dose tested. Cocaine infusions were reduced on the first day of treatment, but they increased over the next 4 days of buprenorphine injections. Buprenorphine decreased G+S intake during the last 2 or 3 days of injections. When buprenorphine treatment was terminated, G+S intake decreased even further. These lower rates of intake persisted for at least 5 days, and they returned to baseline by 2 weeks. Saline self-administration was decreased by buprenorphine in all saline extinction groups. Food intake was not altered by buprenorphine in the groups self-administering IV cocaine or saline; however, food intake was reduced in the G+S groups. Water intake increased during buprenorphine treatment in some of the cocaine groups but not in the G+S groups. Responding on the inactive lever was not altered by buprenorphine during cocaine or G+S self-administration, but it decreased in the saline extinction group. These data indicate that buprenorphine is effective in reducing cocaine reinforced behavior, but it also produced decrements in behavior rewarded by nondrug substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244812
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of concurrent saccharin availability and buprenorphine pretreatment on demand for smoked cocaine base in rhesus monkeys (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Behavioral economics ; Buprenorphine ; Cocaine base ; Crack ; Demand ; Drug self-administration ; Elasticity ; Lidocaine ; Rhesus monkeys ; Saccharin ; Smoking ; Unit price
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of saccharin and the opioid partial agonist buprenorphine on cocaine base smoking were evaluated in five male rhesus monkeys. Monkeys completed a sequence of responding consisting of lever-press responses maintained under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule followed by inhalation responses (FR5) on a smoking spout to gain access to a single delivery of volatilized cocaine base (1.0 mg/kg per delivery). Monkeys could receive a maximum of ten smoke deliveries per session. In the first experiment, either saccharin (0.03% wt/vol) or water was concurrently available under an FR1 schedule through a lip-operated drinking device. As lever FR values increased from 128 to 256, 512, 1024 and 2048, the number of cocaine smoke deliveries decreased. Cocaine intake was not statistically different when water versus saccharin was concurrently available. However, as cocaine consumption decreased, saccharin intake increased demonstrating that under these conditions, saccharin was substituting for cocaine as a reinforcer. On the first day that lidocaine replaced cocaine, all of the monkeys received the maximum number of smoke deliveries (ten) and saccharin intake increased. Lever-press responding gradually extinguished over days when lidocaine (1.0 mg/kg per delivery) was available with concurrent saccharin. In the second experiment, water was concurrently available with cocaine and buprenorphine (0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly (IM) 30 min before the start of the session. Although pretreatment with the lower dose of buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg) had little effect on cocaine intake overall, individual differences in cocaine intake occurred. The higher dose of buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) decreased the amount of cocaine consumed at all lever FR values tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244746
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition of oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys: effects of dose and an alternative non-drug reinforcer (1998)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 137 (1998), S. 132-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Acquisition ; Alternative reinforcer ; Dose ; Drug self-administration ; Oral phencyclidine ; PCP ; Rhesus monkeys ; Saccharin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of drug dose and a non-drug alternative reinforcer on acquisition of oral PCP self-administration in rhesus monkeys were examined. Acquisition was studied using three groups of monkeys (seven subjects per group). One group received a low PCP dose (0.0375 mg/delivery) and the other two received a high PCP dose (0.15 mg/delivery). One of the high dose groups had concurrent access to a saccharin solution (0.03% w/v) and water during the intersession (17.5-h) period. Food non-restricted monkeys were initially given access to water under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule during daily 3-h sessions. Water was then replaced with PCP during the session. The monkeys were then reduced to 85% of their free-feeding body weights and fed before the session, and the FR value was increased from 1 to 2, 4 and 8. Subsequently, food was given post-session and water and PCP were available under concurrent FR 8 schedules. At this final step of the procedure, acquisition of PCP self-administration was considered to occur if PCP intake consistently exceeded water intake. When all three groups were given concurrent access to PCP and water, PCP intake was greater than water intake only in the group of monkeys receiving the high PCP dose. PCP intake increased when water replaced saccharin during intersession in the high PCP dose group. Within-group data revealed that 85.7% of monkeys acquired PCP reinforcement in the group given access to the high PCP dose while only 42.8% acquired in the other two groups. These data suggest that drug dose and presence of alternative non-drug reinforcers affect acquisition of drug self administration in non-human primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050602
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists (D1 and D2) on the demand for smoked cocaine base in rhesus monkeys (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral economics ; Cocaine base ; Crack ; Demand ; Dopamine antagonist ; Drug self-administration ; Elasticity ; Raclopride ; Rhesus monkey ; SCH 23390 ; Unit price
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Previous studies suggest that dopamine antagonists may reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. However, the effects of these antagonists on the demand for smoked cocaine base have not been quantified. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of selective D1 (SCH 23390) and D2 (raclopride) dopamine receptor antagonists on the demand for smoked cocaine base in rhesus monkeys using a behavioral economic analysis. Methods: Six rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer smoked cocaine base (1.0 mg/kg/delivery) under chained fixed-ratio (FR) schedules (FR64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 or 2048 for lever presses and FR5 for inhalations) during daily 4-h sessions. A maximum of ten smoke deliveries were available. After 5 days of stable behavior at each FR, SCH 23390 (0.01 and 0.056 mg/kg) or raclopride (0.03 and 0.056 mg/kg) were injected intramuscularly, before each session, for 3 consecutive days. Results: Pretreatment with both antagonists dose-dependently reduced cocaine intake across most FR values tested; however, the decrease in consumption was greater at the higher unit prices than at the lower unit prices. A statistical estimate of the price (FR) at which maximum responding occurred (Pmax) was decreased during drug pretreatment, indicating weakened reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine. Conclusions: These data suggest that both antagonists reduce the reinforcing effectiveness of smoked cocaine base, and they have a greater effect on cocaine consumption at higher FR values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051021
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