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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Alzheimer-Erkrankung ; Visuokonstruktive Störung ; Zeichnen ; Demenzausprägung ; Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Visuo-constructive impairment ; Drawing ; Severity of dementia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this study we assessed the drawing abilities in 37 patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Drawing abilities (drawing: house, flower, clock; Rey-Osterrieth figure; copying: MMST-figure; Rey-Osterrieth figure) were quantified with different rating schemes and related to other neuropsychological assessments. All patients underwent a positron emission tomography with 18-FDG. Drawing performance was highly correlated with severity of dementia – expressed in MMST scores (r=0.78; p〈0.0001) – with visuo-spatial short-term memory (r=–0.69; p=0.001), and writing abilities (r=–0.77; p〈0.0001). The summarized drawing score showed a statistically significant correlation with the rate of temporoparietal glucose metabolism measured with positron emission tomography and 18-FDG (r=0.39; p=0.017). In the drawings of AD patients omittings and simplifications were typical, whereas perseverations rarely occured. In severely demented patients closing-in phenomenons could be de- scribed, too. A subgroup of AD patients with visuo-constructive impairment as the leading symptom could not be identified.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 37 Patienten mit der wahrscheinlichen Alzheimer-Erkrankung (AD) nach NINCDS-ADRDA-Kriterien wurden die Zeichenleistungen (freies Zeichnen: Haus, Blume, Uhr; Rey-Osterrieth-Figur; Abzeichnen: MMST-Figur; Rey-Osterrieth Figur) untersucht und mit anderen neuropsychologischen Tests verglichen. Bei allen Patienten wurde weiterhin eine Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie mit 18-FDG durchgeführt. Die Zeichenleistungen der Patienten waren hoch mit der Demenzausprägung, ausgedrückt in MMST-Werten, korreliert (r=0,78; p〈0,0001) und wiesen einen engen Zusammenhang zur visuospatialen Kurzzeitgedächtnisspanne (r=–0,69; p=0,001) und zur Schreibleistung (r=–0,77; p〈0,0001) auf. Der summierte Zeichenscore wies einen statistisch signifikanten Zusammenhang mit der temporoparietalen Stoffwechselrate – gemessen mit PET und FDG – auf (r=0,39; p=0,017). Bei den Zeichnungen der AD-Patienten zeigten sich v.a. Auslassungen und Vereinfachungen. Perseverationen kamen selten vor. Bei schwer dementen Patienten ließen sich auch Closing-in-Phänomene beobachten. Eine Subgruppe von AD-Patienten, bei denen visuokonstruktive Störungen die Leitsymptomatik ihrer Demenz waren, ließ sich nicht identifizieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Swallowing ; Nucleus tractus solitarius ; Excitatory amino acids ; Ketamine anesthesia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Swallowing is a patterned motor activity generated by neurons located within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). An excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmitter, such as glutamate (GLU), is suspected of being involved in the initiation of swallowing by NTS neuronal components. However, swallowing can still be elicited in animals anesthetized with ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subclass of EAA receptors. The present experiments were therefore designed to investigate the influence of EAA administration within the NTS on the swallowing motor acitivity of rats anesthetized with ketamine. Pressure microinjections of GLU in doses ranging from 25 to 500 pmol elicited swallowing. This effect was dose-dependent and was not reproduced when control injections of the vehicle solution were performed. Microinjections of the GLU agonists, quisqualate (QUIS) and NMDA, in doses ranging between 2.5 and 50 pmol, also induced swallowing motor activities. QUIS, like GLU, elicited a short series of swallows at a brief latency while NMDA generated long-lasting rhythmic swallowing with a longer latency. Swallowing induced by GLU microinjections (100 pmol) was suppressed almost completely by local pretreatment with either the broad spectrum EAA receptor antagonist, gamma-D-glutamylglycine (250 pmol), or the more selective non-NMDA antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (50–100 pmol), but not by pretreatment with the selective NMDA antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosponovalerate (250 pmol). On the other hand, pretreatment with DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (50 pmol) suppressed the deglutitions induced by NMDA microinjections (10 pmol) but not those elicited by QUIS microinjections (10 pmol). These results provide evidence that swallowing can be induced by activation of EAA receptors of both the NMDA and the non-NMDA subclasses located within the NTS. Furthermore they indicate that both subclasses may still be active in ketamine-anesthetized animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Swallowing ; Medullary swallowing neurons ; Nucleus of the solitary tract ; Unit activity (extracellular microelectrodes) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to identify the central structures involved in the organization of the swallowing reflex in the rat. Using concentric bipolar electrodes, the medulla and pons were systematically explored in order to determine which central areas responded to stimulation by inducing swallowing. These areas, which were located in the dorsal medulla oblongata, were the solitary tract, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the adjacent reticular formation. Stimulation of the ventral ponto-medullary regions was ineffective with regard to the initiation of the swallowing reflex. The activity of medullary swallowing neurons was recorded using extracellular microelectrodes. These swallowing neurons responded with a burst of spikes (swallowing activity) which was closely linked to the swallowing reflex elicited by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Under SLN stimulation, the activity of some of the swallowing neurons furthermore showed an initial response consisting of 1 or 2 spikes after a brief latency. According to their location and the latency of their initial response, swallowing neurons were divided into two groups. Group I neurons were located in a dorsal area of the medulla oblongata corresponding to the NST and the adjacent reticular formation. All these neurons exhibited an initial response with a very short latency (1 to 4 ms), the swallowing activity of most of these neurons started before the onset of the swallowing motor sequence. Group II neurons were located either in a ventral area corresponding to the nucleus ambiguus and the surrounding reticular formation or in a dorsal and medial area corresponding to the hypoglossal nucleus and its vicinity. Some of these neurons also exhibited an initial response to SLN stimulation, but with a longer latency (7–12 ms). Motor paralysis of the animal (performed by curare injection) did not affect the swallowing activity of the neurons belonging to either group. Thus, the swallowing activity of the medullary neurons studied was a truly central activity. It is concluded that the swallowing neurons studied belonged to the medullary swallowing center; the group II neurons were motoneurons and interneurons forming the efferent stage of the swallowing center, and the group I neurons were the interneurons which largely belong to the center which programs the swallowing motor sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain ; MR ; Positron imaging ; Dementia ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared the correlation of PET and MRI with neuropsychological tests in 26 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). The width of the temporal horns and the third ventricle, regional metabolic rates of glucose (rCMRGlu) and the proportion of cerebrospinal fluid space in mesial temporal and temporoparietal cortical regions were measured with three-dimensionally coregistered PET and MRI in two planes perpendicular to the Sylvian fissure. Highly significant correlations between rCMRGlu and neuropsychological tests were found mainly in the temporoparietal cortex, with and without correction for atrophy. Correlations of similar magnitude were seen also between most tests and the width of the temporal horns and third ventricle. Changes in the third ventricle and mesial temporal lobe were best seen with MRI, whereas PET most clearly depicted alterations in neocortical association areas. These two aspects of the disease correlated with the severity of dementia to a similar degree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain, MR ; Positron imaging ; Dementia ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We compared the correlation of PET and MRI with neuropsychological tests in 26 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). The width of the temporal horns and the third ventricle, regional metabolic rates of glucose (rCMRGlu) and the proportion of cerebrospinal fluid space in mesial temporal and temporoparietal cortical regions were measured with three-dimensionally coregistered PET and MRI in two planes perpendicular to the Sylvian fissure. Highly significant correlations between rCMRGlu and neuropsychological tests were found mainly in the temporoparietal cortex, with and without correction for atrophy. Correlations of similar magnitude were seen also between most tests and the width of the temporal horns and third ventricle. Changes in the third ventricle and mesial temporal lobe were best seen with MRI, whereas PET most clearly depicted alterations in neocortical association areas. These two aspects of the disease correlated with the severity of dementia to a similar degree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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