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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Canine distemper virus ; Oligodendrocytes ; Myelin gene expression ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Canine distemper virus (CDV) induces oligodendroglial degeneration and multifocal demyelination in the central nervous system. The mechanism of oligodendrocyte degeneration is not understood but it has been shown that there is a restricted infection of these cells without viral protein production. Using a combination of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization we were able to demonstrate the transcription of the entire virus genome throughout the whole observation period (7–35 days after infection) in oligodendrocytes in CDV-infected brain cell cultures. Therefore, the lack of viral protein and particle production can not be explained on the basis of a defective viral transcription. The present study also shows that a restricted infection of oligodendrocytes with CDV down-regulates the transcription of the major myelin genes coding for proteolipid protein, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein in a very similar way. Using densitometry for in situ hybridization products of MBP in populations of normal and infected oligodendrocytes, an effect could be observed long before morphological changes were detectable. The present results strongly suggest that demyelination in distemper is induced by a restricted CDV infection of oligodendrocytes which down-regulates the expression of a variety of cellular genes, in particular those coding for myelin proteins. Consequently, the infected cells are no longer able to synthesize all the membrane compounds which are necessary for maintaining their structural integrity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Canine distemper virus ; Oligodendrocytes ; Myelin gene expression ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Canine distemper virus (CDV) induces oligodendroglial degeneration and multifocal demyelination in the central nervous system. The mechanism of oligodendrocyte degeneration is not understood but it has been shown that there is a restricted infection of these cells without viral protein production. Using a combination of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization we were able to demonstrate the transcription of the entire virus genome throughout the whole observation period (7–35 days after infection) in oligodendrocytes in CDV-infected brain cell cultures. Therefore, the lack of viral protein and particle production can not be explained on the basis of a defective viral transcription. The present study also shows that a restricted infection of oligodendrocytes with CDV down-regulates the transcription of the major myelin genes coding for proteolipid protein, myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein in a very similar way. Using densitometry for in situ hybridization products of MBP in populations of normal and infected oligodendrocytes, an effect could be observed long before morphological changes were detectable. The present results strongly suggest that demyelination in distemper is induced by a restricted CDV infection of oligodendrocytes which down-regulates the expression of a variety of cellular genes, in particular those coding for myelin proteins. Consequently, the infected cells are no longer able to synthesize all the membrane compounds which are necessary for maintaining their structural integrity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphoraneiminato Complexes ; Boron Compounds ; Crystal Structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphoraneiminato Complexes of Boron. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [BBr2(NPMe3)]2, [B2Br3(NPiPr3)2]Br, [B2(NPEt3)4]Br2, [B2Br2(NPPh3)3]BBr4 and [{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]ClThe bromoderivatives of the title compounds are prepared from the corresponding silylated phosphoraneimines Me3SiNPR3 and boron tribromide. The boron subcompound [{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]Cl2 derives from Me3SiNPEt3 and B2Cl2(NMe2)2. All complexes are characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by crystal structure determinations.[BBr2(NPMe3)]2 (1): Space group P21/n, Z = 2, R = 0.031. Lattice dimensions at -50°C: a = 723.8, b = 894.2, c = 1305.4 pm, β = 92.35°. 1 forms centrosymmetric molecules in which the boron atoms are linked via μ2-N bridges of the NPMe3- groups of from B2N2 four-membered rings with B—N distances of 149.9 and 150.9 pm.B2Br3(NPiPr3)2]Br (2): Space group P21, Z = 2, R = 0.059. Lattice dimensions at -80°C: a = 817.6, b = 2198.7, c = 851.5 pm, β = 115.09°. In the cations of 2 the boron atoms are lined via the μ2-N atoms of the NPiPr3- groups to form planar, asymmetric B2N2 four-membered rings with B—N distances of 143 and 156 pm.[B2(NPEt3)4[Br2·4CH2Cl2 (3): Space group C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0.042. Lattice dimensions at -50°C: a = 1946.1, b = 1180.3, c = 2311.3 pm, β = 101.02°. The structure contains centrosymmetric dications in which both the boron atoms are lined by the N atoms of two of the NPEt3- groups to form a B2N2 four-membered ring with B—N distances of 149.6 pm. The remaining two NPEt3- groups are terminally bonded with very short B—N distances of 133.5 pm.B2Br2(NPPh3)3]BBr4 (4): Space group P1, Z = 2, R = 0.065. Lattice dimension at -50°C: a = 1025.7, b = 1496.1, c = 1807.0 pm, α = 85.09°, β = 82.90°, γ = 82.72°. In the cation the boron atoms are lined via the μ2-N atoms of two of the NPPh3- groups to form a nearly planer B2N2 four-membered ring with B—N distances of 149.3-153.1 pm. The third NPPh33 group is terminally connected with teh sp2 hybridized boron atom and with a B—N distance of 134.1 pm along with an almost linear BNP bond angle of 173.6°.[{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt2)2]Cl2 · 3CH2Cl2 (5): Space group C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0.098. Lattice dimensions at -70°C: a = 1557.9, b = 1294.7, c = 2122.9 pm, β = 96.08°. The structure of 4 contains centrosymmetric dications in which two by two B-B dumb-bells are linked via the μ2-N atoms of the two NEPt3- groups to form B4N2 six-membered rings with B—N distances of 150 and 156 pm and B-B distances of 173 pm. The B—N distances of the terminally bonded NMe2- groups correspond to 138 pm double bonds.
    Notes: Die Bromoderivate der Titelverbindungen werden aus den entsprechenden silylierten Phosphaniminen Me3SiNPR3 und Bortribromid hergestellt. Die Borsubverbindung [{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]Cl2 entsteht aus Me3SiNPEt3 und B2Cl2(NMe2)2. Alle Komplexe werden durch NMR- und IR-Spektren sowie durch Kristallstrukturanalysen charakterisiert.[BBr2(NPMe3)]2 (1): Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 2, R = 0,031. Gitterkonstanten bei -50°C: a = 723,8; b = 894,2; c = 1305,4 pm; β = 92,35°. 1 bildet zentrosymmetrische Moleküle, in denen die Boratome über μ2-N-Brücken der NPMe3--Gruppen zu B2N2-Vierringen mit B—N-Abständen von 149,9 und 150,9 pm verknüpft sind.[B2Br3(NPiPr3)2]Br (2): Raumgruppe P21, Z = 2, R = 0,059. Gitterkonstanten bei -80°C: a = 817,6; b = 2198,7; c = 851,5 pm; β = 115,09°. In den Kationen von 2 sind die Boratome über die μ2-N-Atome der NPiPr3--Gruppen zu planaren, asymmetrischen B2N2-Vierringen mit B—N-Abständen von 143 und 156 pm verknüpft.[B2(NPEt3)4]Br2 · 4 CH2Cl2 (3): Raumgruppe C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0,042. Gitterkonstanten bei -50°C: a = 1946,1; b = 1180,3; c = 2311,3 pm; β = 101,02°. Die Struktur enthält zentrosymmetrische Dikationen, in denen die N-Atome zweier NPEt3--Gruppen die beiden Boratome zu einem B2N2-Vierring mit B—N-Abständen von 149,6 pm verknüpfen. Die beiden übrigen NPEt3--Gruppen sind terminal gebunden mit sehr kurzen B—N-Abständen von 133,5 pm.[B2Br2(NPPh3)3]BBr4 (4): Raumgruppe P1, Z = 2, R = 0,065. Gitterkonstanten bei -50°C: a = 1025,7; b = 1496,1; c = 1807,0 pm; α = 85,09°; β = 82,90°; γ = 82,72°. In dem Kation sind die Boratome über die μ2-N-Atome zweier NPPh3--Gruppen zu einem nahezu planaren B2N2-Vierring mit B—N-Abständen von 149,3-153,1 pm verknüpft. Die dritte NPPh3--Gruppe ist mit dem sp2-hybridisierten Boratom terminal mit einem B—N-Abständ von 134,1 pm verbunden bei einem fast linearen BNP-Bindungswinkel von 173,6°.[{B2(NMe2)2}2(NPEt3)2]Cl2 · 3 CH2Cl2 (5): Raumgruppe C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0,098. Gitterkonstanten bei -70°C: a = 1557,9; b = 1294,7; c = 2122,9 pm; β = 96,08°. Die Struktur von 4 enthält zentrosymmetrische Dikationen, in denen je zwei B—B-Hanteln über die μ2-N-Atome der beiden NPEt3--Gruppen zu B4N2-Sechsringen mit B—N-Abständen von 150 und 156 pm sowie B—B-Abständen von 173 pm verknüpft sind. Die B—N-Abstände der terminal gebundenen NMe2--Gruppen entsprechen mit 138 pm Doppelbindungen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: [Dibenzo-18crown6] · CH3CN · CH3CSOH ; [Dicyclohexyl-18-crown6] · (CH3CSOH)2 ; [Cs(benzo-15crown5)2] CH3CSS ; [Cs(dibenzo-18crown6)]2S5(DMF)2 ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Adducts [DB-18C6] · CH3CN · CH3CSOH and [DC-18C6](CH3CSOH)2 as well as of the Salt-like Compounds [Cs(B-15C5)2]CH3CSS and [Cs(DB-18C6)]2S5(DMF)21)The reaction products of crown ethers, cesium, and sulfur in aprotic solvents like acetonitrile and dimethylformamide strongly depend on the reaction conditions. Using CH3CN as a solvent, sometimes neutral host-guest adducts crystallize only, e.g., [dibenzo-18C6] · CH3CN · CH3CSOH (monoclinic, S. G. P21/c, Z = 4, a = 9.73(1) Å, b = 22.03(1) Å, c = 11.86(1) Å, β = 91.8(1)°) or [dicyclohexyl-18C6](CH3CSOH)2 (monoclinic, S. G. P21/n, Z = 2, a = 7.75(1) Å, b = 10.32(1) Å, c = 17.73(1) Å, β = 95.7(1)°). The monothioacetic acid, CH3CSOH, must be regarded as the first product of the hydrolysis of CH3CN. Furthermore, another product of this kind of hydrolysis, CH3CSSH, is obtained too. Therefore, we also obtain the salt-like compound [Cs(benzo-15C5)2]CH3CSS (monoclinic, S. G. C2/c, Z = 4, a = 16.05(1) Å, b = 16.73(1) Å, c = 13.11(1) Å, β = 106.3(1)°). If the solvent DMF is used, the pentasulfide [Cs(dibenzo-18C6)]2S5(DMF)2 crystallizes (monoclinic, S. G. P21/n, Z = 4, a = 14.79(1) Å, b = 14.24(1) Å, c = 25.74(1) Å, β = 92.7(1°. The S52- anions show the cis-conformation.
    Notes: Setzt man Kronenether mit Cs2CO3 im Molverhältnis 2:1 mit Schwefel und H2S in Dimethylformamid oder Acetonitril als Lösungsmitteln um, erhält man je nach Reaktionsführung und Lösungsmittel unterschiedliche Produkte. Mit Dibenzo-18-Krone-6 in CH3CN kristallisiert das neutrale 1:2-Addukt [Dibenzo-18C6] · CH3CSOH · CH3CN (monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/c, Z = 4; a = 9,73(1) Å; b = 22,03(1) Å; c = 11,86(1) Å; β = 91,8(1)°). Mit Dicyclohexyl-18-Krone-6 in CH3CN erhalten wir unter ähnlichen Bedingungen das neutrale 1:2-Addukt [Dicyclohexyl-18C6](CH3CSOH)2 (monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/n; Z = 2; a = 7,75(1) Å; b = 10,32(1) Å; c = 17,73(1) Å; β = 95,7(1)°). Mit Benzo-15-Krone-5 in CH3CN erhalten wir unter wiederum nicht wesentlich unterschiedlichen Bedingungen das Dithioacetat [Cs(Benzo-15C5)2]CH3CSS, das ein komplexes Kronenether-Kation aufweist (monoklin, Raumgruppe C2/c; Z = 4; a = 16,05(1) Å; b = 16,73(1) Å; c = 13,11(1) Å; β = 106,3(1)°). Wird Dibenzo-18-Krone-6 in DMF umgesetzt, kristallisiert das Pentasulfid [Cs(Dibenzo-18C6)]2S5(DMF)2 (monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/n; Z = 4; a = 14,79(1) Å; b = 14,24(1) Å; c = 25,74(1) Å; β = 92,7(1)°). Die Pentasulfid-Anionen sind cis-konformiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 34 (1901), S. 2794-2799 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 15 (1882), S. 49-50 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 15 (1882), S. 812-813 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 39 (1906), S. 2018-2022 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 38 (1905), S. 2203-2207 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 39 (1906), S. 4110-4119 
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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