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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 233 (1983), S. 471-488 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Event-related potentials ; CNV ; PINV ; PCA ; Anhedonia ; Stimulus discrimination ; Depression ; Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale ; CNV ; PINV ; PCA ; Anhedonie ; Zusätzliche Reize ; Depressionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (langsame Potentiale, evozierte Potentiale) und autonome Reaktionen wurden in einem S1–S2-Reaktionszeitparadigma bei Personen erhoben, die auf einer Anhedonieskala hohe oder niedrige (Kontrollgruppe) Werte aufwiesen. Die Verteilung der Anhedoniewerte wurde für verschiedene Gruppen (Studenten, Soldaten, Schizophrene, Depressive) verglichen. Während des sechssekündigen Antizipationsintervalles wurde in 50% der Durchgänge (zufällig) ein dem imperativen Reiz ähnlicher Reiz dargeboten; die Probanden sollten aber nur auf den S2 hin mit Knopfdruck reagieren. Bei Probanden mit hohen Anhedoniewerten zeigt sich gegenüber Kontrollpersonen eine stärkere negative langsame Potentialverschiebung vor dem Zeitpunkt des zusätzlichen Reizes (AS) sowie ein geringerer Rückgang der Negativierung nach dem S2 (PINV). Die Negativierung vor dem AS sowie die ‚'slow wave” auf den S1 variieren mit der bedingten Wahrscheinlichkeit des AS, jedoch weniger deutlich bei Anhedonikern. Der AS selbst löst bei allen Probanden eine positive Verschiebung aus. Die Ergebnisse lassen eine beeinträchtigte Fähigkeit zur Kontingenzermittlung bei Anhedonikern vermuten.
    Notes: Summary Slow brain potentials, evoked potentials and autonomic responses were investigated in anhedonic subjects and controls. The distribution of physical anhedonia (PA) scores from different samples (students, soldiers, schizophrenics, depressives) is compared. Within a S1–S2 reaction time paradigm, an additional, S2-similar stimulus was introduced during the anticipation interval in 50% of trials (pseudorandom). Subjects had to press the button only to the S2. The additional stimulus (AS) elicits a distinct positive deflection. Anhedonics show larger pre-AS negativity and less reduction in negativity after the S2 (PINV) than controls. The slow wave to S1 as well as the pre-AS negativity vary with the conditional probability of the AS, but to a lesser extent in anhedonics. Anhedonics provide more preparatory negativity prior to and following ambiguous or difficult discrimination tasks, but at the frontal site. Results may suggest impaired contingency evaluation in anhedonic subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: biofeedback ; blood pressure ; nicotine ; slow cortical potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study investigated the effects of biofeedback of arterial blood pressure on cortical, peripheral, and psychological measures and the dependence of these effects on nicotine. Four groups of subjects, nonsmokers, and habitual smokers who smoked cigarettes during the experimental sessions containing 0.3, 0.8, or 1.5 mg nicotine, respectively, participated in a feedback paradigm in which continuous feedback of mean blood pressure was provided for intervals of 8 s each. While tonic blood pressure did not differ between the groups, the ability to modulate blood pressure (under feedback conditions) was restricted in smokers as compared to nonsmoking subjects; increasing nicotine dosage was accompanied by poorer performance. Independently of habitual smoking and nicotine doses, heart rate increased during feedback and under conditions of blood pressure increase. In smokers, activity in the alpha band was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) during the feedback interval varied with self-induced blood pressure changes in nonsmokers (blood pressure increase was accompanied by reduced surface-negative potential shifts and vice versa), while SCP variations during feedback conditions were small in smokers, more so under the influence of 0.3 and 0.8-mg nicotine, less so under 1.5 mg. Verbal reports suggest that awareness of performance strategies may not be a necessary variable for performance on the blood pressure regulation task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-3270
    Keywords: Slow cortical potentials ; schizophrenia ; biofeedback ; instrumental learning ; CNV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) are considered to reflect the regulation of attention resources and cortical excitability in cortical neuronal networks. Impaired attentional functioning, as found in patients with schizophrenic disorders, may covary with impaired SCP regulation. This hypothesis was tested using a self-regulation paradigm. Twelve medicated male schizophrenic inpatients and 12 healthy male controls received continuous feedback of their SCPs, during intervals of 8 s each, by means of a visual stimulus (a stylized rocket) moving horizontally across a TV screen. The position of the feedback stimulus was a linear function of the integrated SCP at each point in time during the feedback interval. Subjects were required to increase or reduce negative SCPs (referred to pretrial baseline) depending on the presentation of a discriminative stimulus. The correct response was indicated by the amount of forward movement of the feedback stimulus and by monetary rewards. Schizophrenics participated in 20 sessions (each comprising 110 trials), while controls participated in 5 sessions. Compared with the healthy controls, schizophrenics showed no significant differentiation between negativity increase and negativity suppression during the first sessions. However, in the last 3 sessions, patients achieved differentiation similar to controls, demonstrating the acquisition of SCP control after extensive training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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