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  • 1
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Cornified envelope ; Keratinocyte ; Plasma membrane ; Transglutaminase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Keratinocyte ; Protein cross-linking ; Pseudo-envelope ; Transglutaminase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 258 (1989), S. 35-38 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Keratinocyte ; Retinoic acid ; Transglutaminase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 76 (1998), S. 231-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Allergy ; Autoimmunity ; FcγR ; IgG ; Inflammation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. IgG immune complexes are of central importance in the humoral immune system and strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of hematologic and rheumatic autoimmune disorders. Cross-linking of receptors for the Fc domain of IgG antibodies (FcγRs) triggers a wide variety of effector functions including phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and release of inflammatory mediators, as well as immune complex clearance and regulation of antibody production. In this way, FcγR provide an essential feedback between the humoral and cellular immune response. In the past, significant advances have been made in the molecular dissection of FcγR function using cellular transfection systems. Current approaches designed to target and change individual FcγR genes in mice have given further insight into their specific contributions to systemic processes, also indicating them to be important immunoregulatory receptors involved in various disease states of allergy, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Future work on targeting FcγR binding sites in combination with humanized FcγR mouse models will lead to novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of IgG-mediated human disease in which FcγR activation plays an integral part.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: [K+]0 Spinal cord ; Posterior articular nerve ; Knee joint ; Inflammation ; Pain ; Arthritis ; Nociception ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 20 cats anaesthetized with alpha-chloralose and spinalized at the thoracolumbar junction we investigated the role of stimulation induced accumulation of extracellular potassium in the spinal cord in the processing of nociceptive discharges from the knee joint. For that we electrically stimulated the posterior articular nerve of the knee. We further performed innocuous and noxious stimulation of the knee and of other parts of the leg and studied the effect of an acute inflammation of the knee on [K+]0 in the spinal cord. Innocuous stimulation of the skin (brushing or touching) and innocuous movements in the knee joint all induced rises in [K+]0 which were maximal at recording depths of 1500 to 2200 μm below the surface of the cord dorsum. Peak increases were 0.4 mM for touching the leg and 1.7 mM during rhythmic flexion/ extension of the knee joint. Noxious stimulation of the skin, the paw, the tendon and noxious movements of the knee joint also produced rises in [K+]0, which were somewhat larger for the individual types of stimuli than those produced by innocuous intensities. Electrical stimulation of the posterior articular nerve induced rises in [K+]0 by up to 0.6 mM. Stimulus intensities sufficient to activate unmyelinated group IV fibers were only slightly effective in raising [K+]0 above the levels reached during stimulation of myelinated group II and III fibers. During development of an acute inflammation of the knee joint (induced by kaolin and carrageenan), increases in [K+]0 and associated field potentials became larger by about 25%. We assume that this reflects an increase in neuronal responses. In conclusion, changes in [K+]0 in the spinal cord are some-what larger during noxious stimulation than during innocuous stimulation. The absolute level reached depended more on the site and type of stimulation than on the actual stimulus intensity itself. Hence a critical role of spinal K+ accumulation for nociception is unlikely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pain ; Inflammation ; Descending inhibition ; Nociception ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In ten cats, single unit electrical activity was recorded in the lumbosacral spinal cord from neurones driven by stimulation of afferent fibres from the ipsilateral knee joint. Tonic descending inhibition (TDI) on the responses of these cells was measured as increases in resting and evoked activity of the neurones following reversible spinalization of the animals with a cold block at upper lumbar level. Acute inflammation of the knee joint was induced in five of the cats by the injection of kaolin and carrageenan into the joint. TDI was observed in 25 of 33 neurones recorded in normal animals (76%) and in 36 of 40 (90%) neurones recorded in animals with acute knee joint inflammation. In both kinds of preparation TDI was more pronounced in neurones recorded in the deep dorsal horn and in the ventral horn than in those recorded in the superficial dorsal horn. There was a tendency in the whole sample for TDI to be greater in neurones with input from inflamed knees. We conclude that the spinal processing of afferent information from joints is under tonic descending influences and that the amount of TDI can be altered during acute arthritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Joint ; Pain ; Inflammation ; Spinal cord ; Ascending tracts ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Recordings were made from 16 ascending tract cells in the spinal cords of anaesthetized, spinalized cats before and after an acute arthritis was produced by injection of kaolin and carrageenan into the knee joint. 2. The responses tested routinely were to passive flexion of the knee, an innocuous movement. In some cases, responses to other movements were also tested, and changes in background discharge rates were monitored. 3. Control recordings for a period of 1 h or in 3 cases of 3 h indicated that the responses to flexion were reasonably stationary. 4. Four tract cells that initially showed little or no response to flexion of the knee joint developed large responses within 1 to 2 h after inflammation of the joint. 5. Another 9 cells were tested that had responses to flexion of the knee joint prior to inflammation. In 6 cases, inflammation produced enhanced static or transient responses. In 2 cases, the effect of flexion was initially inhibitory or variable, but after inflammation these cells showed large excitatory responses. In the other case, inflammation had no effect. Background discharges were increased by inflammation in 6 of these 9 cells. 6. The effect of inflammation of the knee joint was tested on 3 tract cells that had no clearly defined receptive field in the knee. In 1 case, a response developed to knee flexion after acute inflammation was produced. In the other 2 cases, there were initially responses to knee flexion, but these were unchanged by inflammation. 7. Two of the cells tested had bilateral receptive fields in or around the knee joints. Inflammation of one knee joint enhanced the responses to flexion of the same but not of the contralateral knee in one case but greatly increased the responses to flexion of both knees in the other case. 8. Injections of prostaglandin (PGE2) caused an enhancement of the responses to knee flexion beyond that caused by inflammation in 5 of 7 cases. One cell whose responses to flexion of the knee were unaffected by inflammation showed inhibitory responses to prostaglandin injections into the inflamed knee joint. 9. The effects of inflammation on the responses of ascending tract cells of the spinal cord appear to serve as a useful neural model of the events responsible for the development of arthritic pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Tumorpromoter ; Phorbol ; Diterpene ; Leukemogenesis cocarcinogens ; Tumorpromotor ; Cocarcinogene ; Phorbol ; Diterpen ; Leukämogenese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phorbol und sechs strukturverwandte Substanzen, die die polyfunktionellen Diterpene des Tiglian-, Ingenan- und Lathyrantyps repräsentieren, wurden an SWR-Mäusen auf systemische promovierende und leukämogene Wirkung geprüft. Zur systemischen Initiation wurde kurz nach Geburt 15 μg Dimethylnitrosamin (DMN) s.c. injiziert. Die Diterpene wurden i.p. entweder mit oder ohne vorhergehende Initiation mit DMN gegeben. Systemische Promotion für Leber zeigten alle geprüften Diterpene mit der Entstehung von Adenomen. Einige der Diterpene erwiesen sich wirksamer als Phorbol. Die relativ hohe Dosis von DMN, die als Initiator verwendet wurde, machte eine Auswertung bezüglich promovierender Wirkung auf die Lunge unmöglich. Die leukämogene Wirkung von Phorbol bei SWR Mäusen wurde für drei verschiedene Dosen bestätigt. Die übrigen Diterpene zeigten mit der jeweils geprüften Dosis keine signifikante leukämogene Wirkung. Die leukämogene Wirkung des Phorbols wurde durch vorausgehende DMN-Injektion vollständig verhindert. Die fehlende Korrelation zwischen promovierender Wirkung an Haut, systemischer promovierender Wirkung an Leber und leukämogener Wirkung der getesteten Diterpene wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Phorbol and six structurally related compounds representing the polyfunctional diterpenes of the tigliane, ingenane, and lathyrane types were tested for systemic promoting and leukemogenic activity in SWR mice. For systemic initiation soon after birth, 15 μg dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was injected s.c. The diterpenes were administered i.p. either with or without prior systemic initiation with DMN. Systemic promotion was expressed for liver by induction of adenomas with all the diterpenes tested, some of them being more potent than phorbol. The relatively high dose of DMN used as initiator prevented an evaluation of promoting action in relation to lung carcinogenesis. The leukemogenic effect of phorbol in SWR mice was confirmed at three different dose levels. The other diterpenes tested had no significant leukemogenic activity. The leukemogenic action of phorbol was totally inhibited by prior DMN injection. The lack of correlation between promoting action in skin, systemic promoting action in liver and leukemogenic action, among the diterpenes tested, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Diterpene ; Tumorpromoter ; Plasminogen-Aktivator ; Blutplättchen-Aggregation ; Diterpene ; Tumor promoter ; Plasminogen activator ; Platelet aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Phorbol and eight of its derivatives were investigated for their ability to stimulate the synthesis of the enzyme plasminogen activator in cultured chick embryo fibroblasts and to aggregate human blood platelets and have been assayed for tumor, promoting and skin, irritant activities. Over a range of concentrations, elevation in the levels of plasminogen activator activity induced by phorbol derivatives correlates well with their promoting and irritant properties. In the platelet aggregation assay however, the parallelism between the activities measured in different biological assays was less complete. While strong promoters, such as TPA, are potent aggregating agents, and weak promoters, such as PDA, are poor or ineffective inducers of aggregation, two derivatives, PDD and PDB, deviate from this general result. Platelets must be exposed to PDD in relatively high concentrations before they will aggregate, and PDB was found to be the most potent aggregating agent of all the derivatives tested.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Phorbol und acht seiner Derivate wurden auf ihre Fähigkeit untersucht, die Synthese von Plasminogen-Aktivator in Zellkulturen von Hühnerembryo-Fibroblasten zu stimulieren und die Aggregation von Blutplättchen zu induzieren und auf ihre tumorpromovierende und hautirritierende Wirkung getestet. Die Erhöhung der Plasminogen-Aktivator Aktivität durch Phorbolderivate korreliert gut mit ihren irritierenden und promovierenden Eigenschaften. Im Test auf Blutplättchen-Aggregation ist die Korrelation nicht eindeutig: Sie gilt für starke Promotoren (wie TPA), die auch hochwirksame Induktoren der Aggregation sind, sowie für schwache Promotoren (wie PDA), die nur gering oder nicht induzieren; Ausnahmen sind PDD und PDB: PDD, ein starker Promoter, ist nur schwach wirksam, PDB, ein schwacher Promotor, ist dagegen das am stärksten aggregationsstimulierende Derivat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 103 (1982), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Diterpene ; Tumor promoter ; Differentiation ; Leukemia cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the prototype polyfunctional diterpene ester tumor promoter of two-step carcinogenesis in mouse skin, induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) in culture. Differentiation of HL-60 cells was characterized by increased phagocytosis, increased lysozyme activity (EC 3.2.1.17) in the growth medium, and changes in morphology to those characteristics of more mature cells resembling macrophages. Many of the cells treated with TPA became aggregated, attaching firmly to culture flasks. The average intracellular myeloperoxidase activity (EC 1.11.1.7) per cell decreased during induction of differentiation by TPA. It was also found that TPA enhanced, rather than inhibited, differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by DMSO. In addition to TPA, several polyfunctional diterpene esters of the tigliane, ingenane, and daphnane type have been tested for their ability to induce morphological and functional changes of HL-60 cells. The activities of the compounds to induce these changes correlated well with their activities as tumor promoters in two-step carcinogenesis in mouse skin. In particular, half the concentrations required for induction of adhesion of the cells to flasks were roughly correlated to the potency of these compounds as tumor promoters. Among the compounds tested, phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDD), ingenol-3-hexadecanoate, Pimelea factor P1 and Pimelea factor P2 were as active as TPA, while 4-O-methyl-TPA and 4α-PDD were much less active. Phorbol and ingenol were totally inactive up to a concentrations 10,000-fold higher than that of TPA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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