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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: anthrax lethal toxin ; cytokine ; dehydroepiandrosterone ; melatonin ; tumor necrosis factor α
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis, which is composed of two separate proteinaceous exotoxins, namely protective antigen and lethal factor, is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. Low levels of this toxin are known to induce release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In the present study we investigated the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), melatonin (MLT), or DHEA + MLT on production of lethal toxin-induced TNF-α in mouse peritoneal macrophages. We found that treatment with DHEA significantly inhibited the TNF-α production caused by anthrax lethal toxin. Exposure of MLT to anthrax lethal toxin-treated macrophages also decreased the release of TNF-α to the extracellular medium as compared to the control. However, combined use of DHEA and MLT also inhibited TNF-α release, but not more than single therapies. These results suggest that DHEA and MLT may have a therapeutic role in reducing the increased cytokine production induced by anthrax lethal toxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: anthrax lethal toxin ; cytotoxicity ; intracellular calcium antagonist ; macrophage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The lethal toxin ofBacillus anthracis is central to the pathogenesis of anthrax. Using primary cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have demonstrated that intracellular calcium release inhibitors protect against anthrax lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity. The cytolytic effect of anthrax lethal toxin was markedly reduced by dantrolene, an inhibitor of calcium release from intracellular calcium stores. Pretreatment of macrophages with cyclosporin A, which has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of calcium release from mitochondria, also protected cells against cytotoxicity. These results indicate that calcium release from intracellular store may be an essential step for the propagation of anthrax lethal toxin-induced cell damage in macrophages. Thus our findings suggest that dantrolene, cyclosporin A, and possibly other drugs affecting intracellular calcium pools might be effectively preventing the toxicity from anthrax lethal toxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 15 (1999), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: anthrax lethal toxin ; cytotoxicity ; macrophage ; phospholipase A2 ; protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The molecular mechanism of cytotoxic effect exerted by the lethal toxin (LeTx) of Bacillus anthracis is not well understood. In the present study, using primary culture of mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have investigated possible cytotoxic mechanisms. LeTx was not found to induce high levels of nitric oxide (NO) production for NO-mediated toxicity. Fragmentation of DNA, a biochemical marker of apoptosis, was not observed in LeTx-treated cells. Pretreatment of cells with antioxidants such as melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) did not protect the LeTx-induced cytotoxicity. However, addition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors (quinacrine, p-bromophenacyl bromide, manoalide, butacaine) to the culture medium resulted in the inhibition of cytotoxicity of LeTx in a dose-dependent manner. LeTx-induced cytotoxicity was also inhibited by the tyrosine-specific protein kinase inhibitor genistein, but not by the protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine or H-7. The results of these studies indicate a role for PLA2 and protein kinase in the cytotoxic mechanism of macrophages by anthrax lethal toxin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2327-2341 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: As a first step toward developing a finite element formulation that can model coupling among extensional, bending and torsional behaviour of beams, a new method is proposed to properly represent the warping of arbitrary cross-sections. The basic approach is to introduce a small warping displacement superimposed over flat cross-sections of a shear-flexible beam in a deformed configuration. Numerical tests involving simple isotropic beams undergoing a small elastic displacement demonstrate the validity of the new approach. The present approach can be extended to composite beams as well as isotropic beams experiencing a large deflection or finite rotation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 19 (1994), S. 981-995 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure-based method ; All-speed ; Blast wave ; Two-phase flow ; Combustion instability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved pressure-based method has been applied to predict the two-dimensional instability analysis of liquid-fuelled rocket engines. This method is non-iterative for transient flow calculations and applicable to all-speed flows. Validation cases include the shock-tube problem, the blast flow field and unsteady spraycombusting flows. Computations for the combustion instability analysis were carried out for various combustion parameters such as spray initial conditions and combustor geometries. Unsteady behaviours of the stable and unstable spray flame fields and effects of acoustic oscillations on the fuel droplet vaporization and combustion process are studied in detail. The present numerical model successfully demonstrates the capability of predicting combustion instability as well as fast transient compressible flows at all speeds.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 39 (1996), S. 1903-1914 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: axisymmetric shell ; mixed finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An efficient, perhaps simplest, three-noded mixed finite element is proposed for axisymmetric shell analysis. The key feature in the present formulation is to start with a better variational principle in which the independent unknowns are only the quantities that can be prescribed at the shell edges. If the consistency for field approximations is satisfied, no other numerical consideration is necessary in the present element. Several examples confirm the satisfactory numerical behaviour of the present mixed element.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 989-1012 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Combustion Numerical Modelling ; Finite Elements ; Stiff Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the exposition of finite element applications to combustion problems. The subject of computational fluid dynamics, including combustion calculations, has long been dominated by finite differences. Recently, however, the finite element method has emerged as a potential candidate for computational modelling in fluid mechanics. It is well known that reactive fluids with combustion present additional complications because of disparity in reaction rates commonly referred to as ‘stiff’. The present paper reviews basic questions arising from combustion problems in applications of finite element techniques to the solution of problems associated with chemical kinetics, diffusion, waves, convection, etc. Finally, an example of a hydrogen-oxygen reaction is presented for practical applications. Extension to the finite element modelling of turbulence, sprays, boundary layers, shock waves, etc. in combustion must await significant developments of numerical strategies associated with a more complete understanding of physical phenomena and chemical kinetics.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Applied Numerical Methods 6 (1990), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 0748-8025
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The 20node three-dimensional solid element based on the assumed displacement model was compared with the 18node solid element based on the assumed strain model. The kinematic stability associated with different integration rules was investigated for the 20node element.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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