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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioned place preference: An evaluation of morphine's positive reinforcing properties (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 124-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Place preference ; Reinforcement ; Opiates ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The place-preference paradigm was evaluated as a measure of morphine's positive reinforcing properties. Previous place-preference studies obtained a morphine place preference of 26%–63%. In order to examine whether differences in procedure may account for this scatter, the present experiment investigated whether there is any difference in the absolute magnitude of preference when animals are conditioned on their non-preferred side of the box or when animals are randomly assigned to the side of conditioning. Furthermore, the number of conditioning days was extended with 3 intervening test days, and drug doses were doubled following each test day. The results showed no significant difference between conditioning animals on their non-preferred side or randomly assigning them to the side of conditioning. However, by extending the number of conditioning days, as well as by following the drug regimen used, the animals showed a greater magnitude of preference than that observed in previous studies. The implications of these findings for the usage of this paradigm as a measure of morphine's positive reinforcing properties are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432040
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reluctance of rats to drink hashish suspensions: Free-choice and forced consumption, and the effects of hypothalamic stimulation (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 35 (1974), S. 129-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cannabis ; Self-Administration of Drugs ; Ethanol ; Lateral Hypothalamus ; Electrical Stimulation of Brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For over 30 days male Wistar rats drank a concentrated aqueous suspension of hashish in the absence of alternative fluids, but they rejected the drug when water was also made available. In another experiment rats given a choice between water and varying concentrations of hashish also rejected concentrated suspensions, but they appeared less reluctant to drink dilute concentrations. Neither a schedule of alternate-day presentation of hashish nor forced electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus induced rats to increase their home-cage intake of an aversive concentration of hashish, suggesting that the enhanced consumption of concentrated ethanol solutions obtained with these two procedures is not due to a nonspecific tendency to ingest any drug offered. Thus rats are generally reluctant to self-administer hashish via the oral route, and their reluctance is not affected by several procedures which can increase their intake of other drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429580
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol-induced CTA mediated by acetaldehyde through central catecholamine activity (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 103 (1991), S. 74-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acetaldehyde ; Ethanol ; Conditioned taste aversion ; Pre-exposure ; Alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible involvement of catecholamines (CA) in the mediation of acetaldehyde's conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was examined by testing the effects of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor) on the CTAs produced by acetaldehyde. AMPT blocked the acquisition of the CTA normally produced by a low dose of acetaldehyde (0.2 g/kg), but had no significant effect on CTA produced by a high dose of acetaldehyde (0.3 g/kg). In a second study, acetaldehyde's role in the CTA produced by ethanol was investigated using the pre-exposure conditioned taste aversion paradigm. Pre-exposure to acetaldehyde (both doses) blocked the ethanol CTAs but when pre-exposure with acetaldehyde was coupled with AMPT, only the larger dose of acetaldehyde blocked the ethanol aversion. These results suggest that while the CTA to the low dose of acetaldehyde may be primarily central and catecholamine-mediated, the mechanism underlying the high dose CTA is probably peripheral and emetic in nature. These findings support the conclusion that acetaldehyde may be mediating many of the actions of ethanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244077
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to extinction of an avoidance response in rats following the administration of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) or diazepam (Valium) (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 38 (1974), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Diazepam ; Extinction ; Avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a one-way avoidance task with rats, injections of Librium (chlordiazepoxide) following avoidance acquisition resulted in prolonged resistance-to-extinction of the avoidance response. This effect occurred regardless of whether the rats had had prior experience with Librium or whether they were naive with respect to the drug. The same results were found with the same task when low doses of Valium were used. However, at a higher dosage an “extreme reaction” of either no responding or a high number of responses to extinction occurred in the naive animals. The Librium and Valium effects were compared to similar effects obtained using ethanol and hashish resin. These results indicate that the novelty hypothesis as originally stated by Amit and Baum cannot be supported because experience with the drugs prior to avoidance training did not attenuate the drug effect on avoidance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421375
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The reinforcing action of morphine and its paradoxical side effect (1977)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 52 (1977), S. 63-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Lithium chloride ; Reinforcement ; Conditioned taste aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were trained to run down a runway for food in the goal box, and were then tested with one trial per day for 5 days. After running in the runway and eating in the goal box each rat was injected with a drug and returned to the empty goal box for 50 min. Over the 5 trials, rats that received morphine sulphate increased their running speed approximately 400% while the amount of food they ate in the goal box decreased to about 70% of baseline values. The running speed of rats that received lithium chloride decreased to about 30%, while the amount of food they ate decreased to less than 10% of baseline. These two variables did not change for rats that received saline injections. The large increases in running speed observed in the rats that received morphine injections were attributed to an interaction (but not simple summation) between the positive reinforcing effects of morphine and food. The accompanying paradoxical decrease in amount eaten was discussed in terms of the complex pharmacological properties of morphine and it was suggested that morphine may have a reinforcing effect on behavior that is independent of its affective properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426601
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential effects of catecholamine antagonists on ethanol-induced excitation in mice (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 102 (1990), S. 234-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Dopamine ; Norepinephrine ; Locomotor activity ; Drug antagonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Catecholamine antagonists were assessed for their effects on ethanol-induced motor excitation. Motor excitation was measured in male Swiss-Webster mice using an open-field apparatus. Mice were treated with several doses of ethanol and at each dose, mice were pretreated with pimozide, a dopamine D2 antagonist, Schering 23390, a dopamine D1 antagonist, phenoxybenzamine, a noradrenergic alpha-1 antagonist, or yohimbine, a noradrenergic alpha-2 antagonist. Each mouse was subjected to only one dose regimen, and all injections were given IP. Ethanol produced an increase in locomotor activity. The degree to which pimozide attenuated ethanol excitation decreased with increasing ethanol dosage. At the highest dose of ethanol, pimozide increased ethanol excitation. Schering 23390 attenuated ethanol-induced excitation only at doses which affected motor activity per se. Phenoxybenzamine produced a dose-dependent reduction in ethanol excitation. Yohimbine had its greatest effects at the medium dose (4.0 mg/kg). These observations seem to indicate a role for both the dopamine D2 receptor and the noradrenergic alpha-1 receptor in ethanol-induced motor excitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245927
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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