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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long echo time STIR sequence MRI of optic nerves in optic neuritis (1995)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1995), S. 66-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Visual evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI of the optic nerves was obtained in 13 patients with acute optic neuritis and 13 with a previous optic neuritis (ON), assessed by clinical features, visual fields and visual evoked potentials. Results of the conventional short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence obtained with a short echo time (STE-STIR; 22 ms) were compared with those of a long echo time (LTE-STIR: 80 ms) sequence. The conventional STE-STIR sequence revealed lesions in the optic nerves in 78.5 % of acute and 58.8 % of previous ON. The LTE-STIR sequence showed abnormalities in 92.8 % of acutely symptomatic nerves and 94.1 % of nerves with previous ON. The optic nerve lesions appeared significantly longer with the LTE-STIR sequence than with the conventional STE-STIR sequences, in both acute and previous ON.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593226
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long echo time STIR sequence MRI of optic nerves in optic neuritis (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 66-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Visual evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MRI of the optic nerves was obtained in 13 patients with acute optic neuritis and 13 with a previous optic neuritis (ON), assessed by clinical features, visual fields and visual evoked potentials. Results of the conventional short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence obtained with a short echo time (STE-STIR; 22 ms) were compared with those of a long echo time (LTE-STIR: 80 ms) sequence. The conventional STE-STIR sequence revealed lesions in the optic nerves in 78.5% of acute and 58.8% of previous ON. The LTE-STIR sequence showed abnormalities in 92.8% of acutely symptomatic nerves and 94.1% of nerves with previous ON. The optic nerve lesions appeared significantly longer with the LTE-STIR sequence than with the conventional STE-STIR sequences, in both acute and previous ON.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593226
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Associated central and peripheral demyelination: an electrophysiological study (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 235 (1988), S. 238-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Retrobulbar optic neuritis ; Guillain-Barré syndrome ; Visual evoked potentials ; Somatosensory evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case is reported in which retrobulbar neuritis preceded Guillain-Barré syndrome by 4 weeks. The visual evoked potential latencies were prolonged. After peripheral nervous system signs had cleared, median and peroneal somatosensory evoked potentials showed prolonged cervical N13, scalp N20 and L3-scalp conduction times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314355
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evoked potential (EP) alterations in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE): early delays and latency reductions without plaques (1996)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 17 (1996), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Evoked potentials ; Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Ventiquattro cavie di ceppo 13 sono state sensibilizzate con omogenato di midollo spinale autologo in adiuvante di Freund, al fine di indurre un'Encefalite Allergica Sperimentale (EAE) nelle forme Cronica Recidivante (CR-EAE), Cronica Progressiva (CP-EAE) ed Acuta (A-EAE). Scopo dello studio era di osservare le modificazioni dei Potenziali Evocati stimolo correlati durante la progressione della malattia demielinizzante. Pertanto, prima dell'iniezione sensibilizzante e durante il decorso della malattia, sono stati registrati in tutti gli animali i potenziali evocati Visivi, Acustici troncoencefalici e Somatosensoriali. Un aumento di latenza dei potenziali evocati era repertabile dopo 15 giorni dall'iniezione sensibilizzante, concomitante o precedente la comparsa di sintomi clinici, quando non era ancora possibile evidenziare placche di demielinizzazione nei reperti anatomopatologici. Nel presente lavoro si discute la patofisiologia delle alterazioni dei potenziali evocati nell'EAE.
    Notes: Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in its chronic relapsing (CR-EAE), chronic progressive (CP-EAE) and acute (A-EAE) forms was obtained in 24 juvenile strain 13 guinea pigs. Visual, brainstem acoustic and somatosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded in these animals prior to the sensitizing injection and during the course of the disease. Delays in the EPs appeared 15 days post-sensitization (dps), preceding or simultaneously with clinical alterations: electron microscopy revealed myelin stripping and vacuolation in the animals sacrificed 25 dps. Decreases in EP latency were recorded 32 dps; when electron microscopy revealed myelin layers indicating remyelination, whereas light microscopy showed only inflammatory changes. When confluent plaques were revealed by light microscopy 120 dps, the EP wave shapes were distorted or absent. The discussion reviews the literature on early myelin and conduction changes during central demyelination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995706
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are VEP abnormalities in optic neuritis (ON) dependent on plaque size? A reappraisal of the physiopathology of ON based on improved MRI and multiple-lead recordings (1996)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 17 (1996), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Visual evoked potentials ; VEP ; Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario I 20 pazienti affetti da Neurite Ottica (NO), descritti nel precedente lavoro [23] sono stati sottoposti a registrazioni seriali multicanali dei Potenziali Evocati Visivi (PEV), per un periodo di 2 anni dall'esordio della NO. I PEV potevano correlare con le lesioni evidenziate con la Risonanza Magnetica, con le alterazioni campimetriche e con altri reperti clinici. Basandoci sulla loro distribuzione in mappa, i PEV sono stati classificati come realmente “ritardati” e “pseudo-ritardati”. PEV realmente “ritardati” potevano essere registrati all'esordio, o precocemente dopo l'episodio di NO, e la presenza del “ritardo” stava ad indicare un recupero della funzione visiva e, quindi, una prognosi fausta. Gli “pseudo-ritardi” indicavano un'alterazione del campo visivo a prognosi non favorevole per un recupero della funzione visiva, a meno che entro i primi 3 mesi dalla NO si fosse verificata una ricomparsa di componenti normali o “ritardate”. Gli “pseudo-ritardi” erano rilievi caratteristici nei pazienti con lesioni maggiormente lunghe alle immagini LTE-STIR MRI [23]. Nessuna correlazione è stata trovata tra latenza dei PEV e lunghezza delle placche. I nostri rilievi sono in disaccordo con precedenti teorie relative ai tempi di instaurazione-recupero delle alterazioni di conduzione nella NO e nella Sclerosi Multipla.
    Notes: Abstract Twenty patients with optic neuritis (ON) described in the previous study [23] underwent serial VEP recordings (using multiple electrode arrays) for two years. The VEPs could be correlated with the lesions revealed by MRI, Visual Field tests and other clinical findings. On the basis of their scalp distribution, they were classified as “really delayed” VEPs and “pseudo-delayed” VEPs. Real delays could be recorded at the onset of ON or shortly afterwards, and their appearance indicated the recovery of visual function and a good prognosis. Pseudo-delays indicated an alteration in the visual field and, unless a breakthrough of normal or delayed components appeared in the first three months, following acute ON, indicate a poor prognosis for the recovery of visual function. The pseudo-delayed VEPs were mainly observed in patients with longer lesions revealed by means of LTE-STIR MRI [23]; there was no correlation between VEP latency and the length of plaques. Our findings contradict previous theories on the timing of conduction alterations in ON and multiple sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995708
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute hemispheric stroke: Correlation between three-dimensional transcranial Doppler, MR-angiography, CT and clinical findings (1993)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 14 (1993), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: TCD-3D ; stroke ; MR angiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Sono stati esaminati 50 pazienti affetti da stroke ischemico e 67 controlli privi di patologia vascolare intra o extracranica. I pazienti, entro 24 ore dall'evento acuto, sono stati valutati clinicamente mediante esame obiettivo neurologico (quantificato con la Canadian Neurological Scale o CNS) e sottoposti a Doppler transcranico 3D e tomografia computerizzata (TC) del cranio, quest'ultimo esame è stato ripetuto dopo il 15° giorno dall'evento. 15 pazienti sono stati sottoposti anche ad Angiografia, a risonanza magnetica nucleare (Angio-RMN) e Angiografia Digitalizzata in sottrazione di immagine (ADS). Abbiamo utilizzato i seguenti parametri Doppler: indice di asimmetria interemisferico (AI), velocità media (Vm) e indice di pulsatilità (I.P.), relativi all'arteria cerebrale media (ACM). Il confronto tra pazienti e controlli tramite l'analisi della varianza (ANOVA) relativamente all'AI è risultato significativo: F=50.8, p〈0.0001. La correlazione tra CNS e AI è risultata altrettanto valida: r=−0.56, p〈0.001. La correlazione fra CNS e TC cranio è risultata molto significativa: r=−0.72, p〈0.0001. Il Doppler transcranico ha permesso una valutazione quantitativa delle alterazioni emodinamiche e dei circoli collaterali di compenso ed è risultata una metodica valida per lo studio dello Stroke ischemico mostrando una buona correlazione con i dati clinici, con l'Angio-RMN e con l'estensione dell'area ischemica alla TC cranio.
    Notes: Abstract We examined 50 ischemic stroke patients and 67 controls free of vascular disease, intra- or extracranial. We assessed all subjects clinically by neurological examination (quantified on the Canadian Neurological Scale or CNS), by three-dimensional transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD-3D) and by computed tomography (CT) within 24 h of the acute event, repeating CT 15 days later. 15 patients also underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). We used the following Doppler parameters: interhemispheric asymmetry index (AI), mean flow velocity (mV) and pulsatility index (PI) for the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The difference between patients and controls on analysis of the variance (ANOVA) in respect of AI was significant: F=50.8, p〈0.0001. The CNS-AI correlation was equally valid: r=−0.56, p〈0.001. The CNS-CT correlation proved to be highly significant: r=−0.72, p〈0.0001. TCD-3D allowed quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamic changes and of the collateral blood supply and proved to be a sound method for the investigation of ischemic stroke, correlating well with the clinical findings, MRA and lesion size on CT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02335663
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional transcranial Doppler in acute ischemic stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery: Clinical and CT correlation (1991)
    Springer
    Neurological sciences 12 (1991), S. 545-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: TCD-3D ; stroke ; MCA ; basal artery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Abbiamo studiato 34 pazienti affetti da stroke ischemico acuto, nel territorio dell'Arteria Cerebrale Media (MCA), utilizzando il Doppler transcranico in 3 dimensioni (TCD-3D). I parametri analizzati sono: velocità media; velocità sistolica e diastolica; gli indici di pulsatilità, di asimmetria interemisferica e di trasmissione della pulsatilità. Dei 34 pazienti: 11 hanno presentato un rallentamento marcato della velocità di flusso della MCA dell'emisfero infartuato, con un indice di asimmetria interemisferico (AI) maggiore del 40%; 8 pazienti un rallentamento modesto del flusso della MCA, con AI compreso tra 25–40%; in 2 pazienti abbiamo evidenziato, indirettamente, circoli collaterali di pertinenza dell'arteria cerebrale anteriore, in associazione ad un rallentamento del flusso della MCA; 5 pazienti mostravano una stenosi dell'MCA. Infine 9 pazienti non hanno presentato alterazioni dei parametri Doppler. La correlazione tra sintomatologia neurologica e AI è risultata significativa (r=0.76). La non invasività, la facile ed immediata esecuzione e soprattutto, la buona attendibilità dell'esame, ci consente di affermare che il TCD-3D, introducendo miglioramenti sostanziali nella metodica del Doppler transcranico tradizionale, risulta particolarmente utile nella valutazione emodinamica della circolazione cerebrale in caso di stroke ischemico.
    Notes: Abstract We studied 34 patients with acute ischeiic stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by three-dimensional transcranial Doppler (TCD-3D). The parameters analyzed were: mean blood flow velocity, systolic and diastolic velocities; indices of pulsatility, hemisphere asymmetry and pulsatility transmission. Of the 34 patients 11 presented marked slowing of flow velocity in the MCA on the infarct side with an asymmetry index (AI) of over 40%, 8 patients with slightly reduced flow velocity in the MCA and an AI of 25–40%, 2 patients in whom there was indirect evidence of collateral circulations in the anterior cerebral artery distribution together with slowing of MCA flow; 5 patients had stenosis of the MCA, 9 patients showed no alterations of the Doppler parameters. The correlation between neurological symptom pattern and AI was significant (r=0.76). Noninvasive, easy to perform, performable at once and reliable, TCD-3D is a great improvement on traditional transcranial Doppler and is especially useful in assessing the hemodynamics of the cerebral circulation in ischemic stroke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02336950
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