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  • Life history  (2)
  • Foraging behaviour  (1)
  • Searching behavior  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biology of Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing (Acari: Trombidiidae) in West Mazandran, Iran (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 20 (1996), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Life history ; predator ; parasite ; aphids ; Allothrombium pulvinum ; Acari
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing is a common natural enemy of aphids and other arthropods in Iran. It is univoltine in Iran. The eggs hatch in spring, nymphs emerge in early summer and adults appear in autumn. Larvae are ectoparasites of aphids whereas deutonymphs and adults are free-living predators of aphids and spider mites. Adults hibernate in the soil and in cracks of tree trunks during winter. When spring comes, females lay eggs in the soil, on the soil surface and on weeds. Phytoseius plumifer (Phytoseiidae) was observed to be phoretic on deutonymphs of A. pulvinum on nettle trees (Celtis australis). In the laboratory, development from the egg to adult stage takes at least 107 days at 25±1°C. Soil is not essential for female oviposition. High humidity is the most important factor for oviposition and development in A. pulvinum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051479
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns, mechanisms and spatial scale of aggregation in generalist and specialist predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 21 (1997), S. 393-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Foraging behaviour ; searching efficiency ; predator–prey interaction ; specialization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prey species often distribute themselves patchily in their habitats.In response to this spatial variation in prey density, some predator speciesaggregate in patches of higher prey density. This paper reviews a seriesof laboratory experiments to demonstrate the patterns of responses byphytoseiid predators (Phytoseiulus persimilis, Typhlodromusoccidentalis and Amblyseius andersoni) to spatial variationin the density of their spider mite prey (Tetranychus urticae)and reveal the behavioural mechanisms underlying the observed patterns.In addition, patterns of aggregation were examined at a variety of spatialscales on plants in greenhouses. The patterns, mechanisms and spatialscale of aggregation in three predatory species are discussed in relationto their varying degrees of polyphagy. The results show that a specialistpredator species (1) aggregates more strongly than generalist predators,(2) does so not because it finds prey patches of high density more easilybut because it remains in these patches longer than generalist predatorsand (3) tends to aggregate more often at lower levels of spatial scalethan generalist predators. It is suggested that these conclusions, basedmainly on laboratory studies of a small sample of species, should be testedin the future on a wider selection of specialist and generalist speciesat different scales in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018475728005
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses to prey density by three acarine predator species with different degrees of polyphagy (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Density dependence ; Predator-prey interaction ; Searching behavior ; Functional response ; Prey specialization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral responses by three acarine predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Typhlodromus occidentalis, and Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae), to different egg and webbing densities of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on rose leaflets were studied in the laboratory. Prey patches were delineated by T. urticae webbing and associated kairomones, which elicit turning back responses in predators near the patch edge. Only the presence of webbing affected predator behavior; increased webbing density did not increase patch time. Patch time increased with increased T. urticae egg density in the oligophagous P. persimilis, but was density independent in the polyphagous species T. occidentalis and A. andersoni. Patch time in all three species was more strongly correlated with the number of prey encounters and attacks than with the actual prey number present in the patch. Patch time was determined by (a) the turning back response near the patch edge; this response decayed through time and eventually led to the abandonment of the patch, and (b) encounters with, and attacks upon, prey eggs; these prolonged patch time by both an increment of time spent in handling or rejecting prey and an increment of time spent searching between two successive prey encounters or attacks. Although searching efficiency was independent of prey density in all three species, the predation rate by P. persimilis decreased with prey density because its searching activity (i.e. proportion of total patch time spent in searching) decreased with prey density. Predation rates by T. occidentalis and A. andersoni decreased with prey density because their searching activity and success ratio both decreased with prey density. The data were tested against models of predator foraging responses to prey density. The effects of the degree of polyphagy on predator foraging behavior were also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317726
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variance and covariance of ovipositional rates and developmental rates in the Phytoseidae (Acari: Mesostigmata): a phylogenetic consideration (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 19 (1995), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Life history ; oviposition ; development ; variance ; covariance ; phylogenetic effects ; Phytoseiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variance and covariance of ovipositional rates and developmental rates in the Phytoseiidae were analysed using comparative methods which consider phylogenetic effects. Nested analysis of variance showed that mean ovipositional rates and developmental rates of phytoseiid mites varied significantly between subfamilies, among genera within subfamilies, among subgenera within genera and among species within subgenera. For example, the mean ovipositional rate (eggs per day) was higher in the Amblyseiinae (2.04) than in the Phytoseiinae (1.39) and within the Amblyseiinae, it was higher in the genus Phytoseiulus (2.66) than in Amblyseius (1.80). Regressions using mean values of subgenera or higher taxa to account for phylogenetic effects showed significant correlation between mean ovipositional rates and developmental rates. The implications of this analysis for selecting species for future comparative analysis of phytoseiid life history variation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046284
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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