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  • 1
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hyperammonämie ; Harnstoffzyklusdefekte ; Organoazidurien ; Hämodialyse ; Hämofiltration ; Key words Hyperammonaemia ; Urea cycle disorders ; Organic acidemias ; Haemodialysis ; Haemofiltration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Inborn errors of the urea cycle and of the organic acid metabolism can cause acute hyperammonemia in neonates which, if untreated, leads to coma, severe brain damage or death. These complications, however, can be prevented by proper diagnosis and early therapeutic intervention. Rapid decline in ammonia blood levels are essential and can be achieved by the following four therapeutic principles 1. restriction of protein intake (while maintaining essential amino acids), 2. reduction of protein catabolism by a hypercaloric diet, 3. activation of alternative pathways of ammonia elimination, and 4. elimination of ammonia from the circulation by dialysis. We report on 4 cases who were submitted because of acute hyperammonemic coma. All patients were treated immediately after diagnosis with hemodialysis (HD) or hemofiltration (HF). In all 4 patients blood ammonia levels were rapidly decreased to normal values leading to significant improvements of the neurologic state. The long term outcomes were, however, determined by the underlying metabolic disorder. Discussion: Our case reports confirm the effectiveness of HD and HF in the treatment of acute hyperammonemic coma. Since the diagnosis and the prognosis of metabolic disorders are rarely known at the time when the patient becomes symptomatic and needs therapy, any neonate with acute hyperammonemia should be referred to a special care unit where technical facilities for extracorporal dialysis are available.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das hyperammonämische Koma ist eine akut lebensbedrohliche Stoffwechselentgleisung. Die häufigsten kongenitalen Ursachen sind Enzymdefekte im Harnstoffzyklus und im Abbau von organischen Säuren. Die Frühdiagnose und eine sofortige aggressive Therapie sind die entscheidenden Voraussetzungen zur Vermeidung irreversibler Hirnschäden und letaler Verläufe. Das Therapieziel ist eine rasche Senkung des Ammoniaks und anderer neurotoxischer Metaboliten. Die therapeutischen Grundprinzipien beinhalten 1. eine restriktive Proteinzufuhr unter dem Erhalt essentieller Aminosäuren, 2. die Unterbrechung des Proteinkatabolismus mittels hochkalorischer Ernährung, 3. eine medikamentöse Aktivierung alternativer Wege der Stickstoffausscheidung sowie 4. apparative Blutreinigungsverfahren. Das optimale Dialyseverfahren ist umstritten. Wir haben 4 Neugeborene und Säuglinge in einem hyperammonämischen Koma im Rahmen von Stoffwechselerkrankungen mittels Hämodialyse oder Hämofiltration behandelt. Die Kasuistiken bestätigen die Effektivität und Komplikationsarmut beider Verfahren. Diskussion: In der Behandlung von lebensbedrohlichen Hyperammonämien bei Neugeborenen und Säuglingen sind Hämodialysen und Hämofiltrationen die Behandlungsmethoden der Wahl. Die invasive Blutreinigung ist mit einer konsequenten diätetischen und medikamentösen Therapie zu optimieren. Der prognostische Nutzen einer effizienten Blutreinigung bei ausgeprägter Hyperammonämie rechtfertigt einen unverzüglichen Transport in das nächstgelegene pädiatrische Dialysezentrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Inhaled nitric oxide ; Intrapulmonary shunt ; Rabbit ; Surfactant deficiency ; Meconium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Marked hypoxia secondary to intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting is a characteristic of respiratory failure in human neonates and can sometimes be complicated by additional extrapulmonary right-to-left shunting. To investigate the effect of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) on intrapulmonary shunting, two typical pulmonary diseases of the newborn (respiratory distress syndrome and meconium aspiration) were reproduced in 32 mechanically ventilated rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg each. After tracheotomy, catheters were inserted into a jugular vein, a carotid artery and the right ventricle (to measure systolic right ventricular pressure [SRVP] and mixed venous oxygen content for calculation of shunt by Fick equation). Repeated airway lavages (LAV) with normal saline or repeated instillations of a suspension of human meconium (MEC) were continued until both the a/A-ratio was ≤0.14 and a peak inspiratory pressure ≥22 mbar was needed to keep the tidal volume constant at 10 ml/kg of body weight. Measurements of shunt, SRVP, systolic systemic pressure, physiological dead space, tidal volume and a ventilation index were performed before and after completion of lung damage and at 20 and 60 min after administering iNO at 80 ppm. Four groups of rabbits were studied (n = 8 in each group): LAV control and intervention, Mec control and intervention. 60 min after starting iNO, there was a decrease in shunt (LAV: 67.6% ± [SD] 11.3% vs 56.2 ± 16.4, P = 0.05; MEC: 52.6 ± 6.3 vs 44.3 ± 8.3, P 〈 0.05), in SRVP (LAV: 29.7 mmHg ± 10.1 mmHg vs 20.0 ± 8.2, P 〈 0.01; MEC: 25.1 ± 4.4 vs 22.3 ± 5.0, P = 0.46) and in dead space (% of tidal volume, LAV: 32.7% ± 10.5% vs 25.9 ± 10.1, P 〈 0.01; MEC: 26.1 ± 16.6 vs 18.9 ± 10.1, P = 0.05). These results demonstrate that iNO decreases intrapulmonary shunt (as well as SRVP and dead space). We suggest that iNO may be beneficial in human newborns with severe respiratory failure even if no extrapulmonary shunting via ductus or foramen ovale is apparent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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