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  • Host-plant resistance  (3)
  • stress  (3)
  • Lycopersicon esculentum  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; predators ; parasites ; herbivore adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des modèles conceptuels et mathématiques ont servi à examiner l'influence du potentiel d'ennemis naturels sur le taux d'adaptation d'herbivores à des facteurs de résistance des plantes. Les résultats montrent que les ennemis naturels peuvent augmenter ou réduire le taux d'adaptation des herbivores. Les effets spécifiques (comportementaux et physiologiques) d'un facteur de résistance sur l'herbivore, aussi bien que le comportement de l'ennemi naturel et la dynamique de population du système ennemi naturel/herbivore permettent de déterminer le niveau de l'effet des ennemis naturels sur le taux d'adaptation de l'herbivore au facteur de résistance. Une adaptation de l'herbivore à une résistance partielle à une plante est généralement envisagée comme plus lente qu'une adaptation à des hauts niveaux de résistance, même en présence d'ennemis naturels, mais il peut y avoir des exceptions.
    Notes: Abstract The potential of natural enemies to influence the rate of herbivore adaptation to resistance factors in plants is examined using conceptual and mathematical models. Results indicate that natural enemies could increase or decrease the rate of herbivore adaptation. The specific behavioral and physiological effects of a resistance factor on the herbivore, as well as the behavior of the natural enemy, and the population dynamics of the natural enemy/herbivore system are important in assessing the extent to which the natural enemies will affect the rate of herbivore adaptation to a resistance factor. Herbivore adaptation to partial resistance in a host-plant is generally expected to be slower than adaptation to high levels of resistance, even in the presence of natural enemies, if genetic variance is not limiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Heliothis zea ; glandular trichomes ; leaf lamellar-based resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La tomate sauvage,L. hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, n0 PI134417, présente des lamelles foliaires qui lui confèrent une résistance au doryphore,L. decemlineata Say et àH. zea Bodie. Cette étude a voulu préciser si ces résistances étaient héritées ensemble dans des populations d'hybrides entre PI 134417 et la tomate cultivée,L. esculentum Mill. Des lignées de plantes présentant une gamme de résistance àH. zea ont été sélectionnées à partir d'une population hyrbide. De même, des lignées de plantes ayant une gamme de résistance àL. decemlineata ont été sélectionnées à partir d'un second groupe d'hybrides. Les réactions des 2 insectes aux 2 groupes de plantes ont été estimées. Les résistances àH. zea et àL. decemlineata n'étaient pas corrélées nettement. Certaines lignées sont résistantes aux 2 espèces, mais d'autres ne sont résistantes qu'à une espèce. Ainsi, les résistances à chacune de ces espèces ont probablement des déterminismes génétiques différents. Différentes composantes mécaniques sont vraisemblablement impliquées dans ces résistances, bien qu'il soit possible qu'au moins quelques facteurs aient un rôle important dans le conditionnement de la résistance. La création de cultivars de tomates avec une résistance liée aux lamelles foliaires sera compliquée par le besoin d'une sélection en fonction des réponses aux 2 espèces..
    Notes: Abstract Segregating populations of hybrids of the insect-resistant wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum, C.H. Mull, PI 134417, and the susceptible tomato cultivar ofL. esculentum Mill, ‘Walter’, were screened by bioassays with the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and tomato fruitwormHeliothis zea (Boddie). Plant lines with a range of levels of resistance toH. zea were selected from one group of hybrids; plants with a range of resistance levels toL. decemlineata, from another group. The response of both insect species to both groups of plants was evaluated. Resistance to each of these species is under separate genetic control and apparently involves distinct mechanistic components, although it remains possible that at least some factors are important in conditioning resistance to both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; phytotron ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des plants de maïs se développent dans un phytotron dans 4 conditions d'humidité du sol (de la saturation à la dessication) et à 3 températures constantes (20°, 25° & 30°C). Chaque pied est contaminé au moment de l'émission du pollen, par une ooplaque d'O. nubilalis Hübn. (ECB) de race européenne E. L'installation, la colonisation et le développement des chenilles sont notés lors de 12 périodes de prélèvements destructifs (4 par température). La vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est affectée par la température, main non par l'humidité du sol. Les 4 niveaux d'humidité du sol n'ont aucun effet sur la teneur en eau des tiges de maïs. En fait, les feuilles de maïs présentent une senescence précoce lorsqu'il y a déficit en eau dans le sol. La teneur en eau du sol agit sur l'installation, sur la distribution verticale, la dispersion et le lieu d'alimentation des chenilles; mais ces effets sont légers et ne modifient pas la vitesse de développement. L'environnement larvaire dans la tige de maïs est efficacement isolé des variations externes par l'aptitude de la plante à maintenir la teneur en eau des tiges relativement élevée et stable. Ainsi, des changements importants au niveau du sol n'ont pratiquement pas d'effets sur le développement d'O. nubilalis, malgré les conséquences brutales pour la plante. Cette étude montre que la vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est relativement insensible aux modifications de la teneur en eau du sol ainsi qu'aux effets de ce stress de sécheresse sévère sur le pied de maïs. La discussion porte sur l'importance de ces résultats pour la modélisation de la dynamique de l'insecte, la physiologie de la culture et les interactions entre insecte et plante.
    Notes: Abstract Maize plants were grown under four moisture regimes (wet to extreme deficit) and three constant temperatures (20°, 25° & 30°C) in a phytotron. Each plant was infested with one E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.)] (ECB) egg mass at pollen shed. ECB development, location, and establishment were recorded over the course of 12 destructive sample dates (4/temperature). ECB developmental rates were not significantly affected by soil moisture treatments, but were significantly affected by temperature. In spite of successful establishment of four distinctly different soil moisture regimes, the maize stalk tissue water levels were not significantly different among soil water treatments. Instead, the maize plants exhibited accelerated leaf senescence in response to the water deficit conditions. Among the soil water treatments, differences were found in larval establishment, vertical distribution and dispersion, and feeding site selection; however, those effects were slight and could not explain the similarity in ECB developmental rates observed in these treatments. In maize, the larval environment within the stalk was effectively insulated from changes in the external environment by the plant's ability to maintain a relatively high and stable stalk tissue water content. Thus, large changes to the soil environment had essentially no effect on ECB development, though drastic consequences for the plant. This study indicates that ECB rates of development are relatively insensitive to changes in the soil water environment as well as the associated changes in the maize plant that accompany severe drought stress. The significance of these findings to insect modelling, crop physiology, and insect-crop interactions is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; microenvironment ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the impact of irrigation water on certain aspects of an insect-plant relationship in the field including the assessment of plant-mediated water effects on an herbivore's development, survival, and behavior, and plant damage parameters and host tissue water status. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design in the field over two years in North Carolina (NC). Four blocks were subjected to three different irrigation treatments initiated ca. one week before anthesis: optimal, intermediate, deficit water supply. Each plant was infested with one (1986) or two (1987) black head stage, E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.)] (ECB) egg masses at tasselling. ECB development, tunnelling site, and survival as well as plant tissue water status (tissue % water contents [θ] & leaf water potentials [Ψ]) were recorded through July. The irrigation effect on ECB parameters was slight and variable. Internal stalk temperatures of optimal plants were consistently cooler than their deficit counterparts (1 day-degree/day). With degree-days included as an explanatory variable in the analyses, there were no significant irrigation effects on the ECB parameters, except for total proportion of ECB's bored into maize plant parts. More ECB's bored into drier plants than in optimal plants; however, this trend was not significant in 1987. Plant water indices showed that though Ψ responded to irrigation, there were only minor changes in tissue θ, particularly in view of the larger diurnal tissue changes observed and the relatively high, sustained stalk θ levels seen over all treatments. Examination of ECB pupal θ confirmed that dietary water changes were minor or non-limiting to the insects' developmental physiology, because pupal θ was not sensitive to the irrigation treatments. Though water supply changes have drastic developmental and agronomic consequences for the maize plant, little or no changes were seen in the ECB feeding environment. Furthermore, a plant damage model was developed whereby the total % of ECB's tunnelled into maize was related to the mean larval age. The implications of this model on the understanding of ECB tunnelling behavior, damage potential, and pest management is noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutumf glabratum ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Telenomus sphingis ; Manduca sexta ; glandular trichomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance of accession PI 134417 of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull to Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Spingidae) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is conditioned by the high densities of 2-tridecanone-containing, glandular trichomes associated with the foliage. In laboratory experiments, rates of parasitism of M. sexta eggs by Telenomus sphingis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) were lower among eggs on PI 134417 foliage than among eggs on foliage of the cultivated tomato L. esculentum Mill. (cv. Better Boy). The latter is characterized by a significantly lower density of type VI glandular trichomes than PI 134417 and an absence of 2-tridecanone. Parasitism by T. sphingis was also reduced among eggs on foliage of the F1 hybrid between PI 134417 and L. esculentum. The hybrid foliage lacks 2-tridecanone but has a density of type VI glandular trichomes that is intermediate between those of PI 134417 and L. esculentum, indicating that elevated densities of type VI glandular trichomes adversely affect T. sphingis. This conclusion was further substantiated by the finding that there were no differences among plant lines in the levels of parasitism of M. sexta eggs when the eggs were on foliage that had been divested of glandular trichomes. In bioassays in which T. sphingis adults or immatures in host eggs were exposed to filter paper treated with 2-tridecanone at rates comparable to those associated with PI 134417 foliage, 2-tridecanone was acutely toxic and caused high levels of mortality. In addition, at high concentrations, 2-tridecanone vapors were repellent to T. sphingis adults. However, when exposed to PI 134417 foliage, few T. sphingis adults were killed. Parasitism of M. sexta eggs was unaffected when the eggs were deposited by moths reared as fifth instar larvae on diet containing 2-tridecanone and/or 2-undecanone at levels comparable to those associated with PI 134417 foliage.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; host-plant suitability ; fertilizer ; M. sexta ; H. zea ; L. decemlineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fertilizer regime on trichome- and lamellar-based resistance in the wild tomato species, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull accession PI 134417, to three insect pests of tomato, the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), the colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), and the tomato fruitworm, Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), was examined. Increasing the rate at which NPK fertilizer was applied, from 1.8 to 19.6 g/plant/week, reduced the trichome-based resistance of PI 134417 to M. sexta and L. decemlineata by lowering both the density of type VI (sensu Luckwill, 1943) glandular trichomes and the amount of 2-tridecanone contained in the tips of these trichomes. 2-Tridecanone is a toxic methyl-ketone responsible for glandular trichome-mediated resistance in PI 134417 to M. sexta and L. decemlineata. A similar increase in the application rate of NPK fertilizer reduced the lamellarbased resistance of PI 134417 to L. decemlineata and H. zea. The meachanisms for this reduction of resistance are unknown, but may be related to improved nutritional quality of hosts at higher fertilizer regimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-7446
    Keywords: cattle ; cortisol ; exercise ; lactic acid ; leukocytes ; Pasteurella haemolytica ; stress ; treadmill
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seven yearling bulls were treated with stressful exercise and intrabronchial Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Group 1 bulls (nos. 1–4) underwent treadmill exercise and, 24 days later, intrabronchial instillation of P. haemolytica A1. Group 2 bulls (nos. 5–7) underwent treadmill exercise, followed 30 min later by intrabronchial P. haemolytica A1. Blood lactic acid values were raised (p〈0.05) by treadmill exercise only, but plasma cortisol was raised (p〈0.05) by treadmill exercise and by P. haemolytica A1 infection. Neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differed from control values 24 h after treadmill exercise, and 1 h and 4 h after P. haemolytica A1 infection. Respiratory disease was more severe and the gross lung lesions were larger in group 2 bulls than in group 1 bulls. P. haemolytica A1 was recovered from the livers, spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of group 2 but not group 1 bulls, suggesting that group 2 bulls had experienced bacteraemia. Decreased neutrophils in BAL fluid from group 2 bulls at 1 h and 4 h after infection suggests that exercise transiently inhibited neutrophil egress from the blood to the alveoli; BAL neutrophils peaked at 1 h and 4 h after infection in group 1 bulls but declined at 24 h. We conclude that group 2 bulls were made more susceptible to experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis by stressful exercise.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 989-1005 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; host-plant selection ; glycoalkaioids ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Lycopersicon ; α-tomatine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine in the hostplant resistance of tomato to the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was examined in short- (24 hr; using first- and fourth-instar larvae) and long-term (first-instar larvae reared through the prepupal stage) feeding experiments. Consumption rate, growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body mass, and survival were compared forL. decemlineata provided foliage from susceptible (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill. cv. Walter), resistant (L. hirsutum f.Glabratum C.H. Mull accession PI 134417), and F1 hybrid plants. Values obtained for dietetic indices were regressed against corresponding values for α-tomatine content of foliage provided to larvae. Differences in dietetic indices could not be attributed to variation in foliar α-tomatine content despite a long-standing literature showing theex planta α-tomatine inhibits feeding and growth byL. decemlineata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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