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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 170 (1970), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; microenvironment ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the impact of irrigation water on certain aspects of an insect-plant relationship in the field including the assessment of plant-mediated water effects on an herbivore's development, survival, and behavior, and plant damage parameters and host tissue water status. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design in the field over two years in North Carolina (NC). Four blocks were subjected to three different irrigation treatments initiated ca. one week before anthesis: optimal, intermediate, deficit water supply. Each plant was infested with one (1986) or two (1987) black head stage, E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.)] (ECB) egg masses at tasselling. ECB development, tunnelling site, and survival as well as plant tissue water status (tissue % water contents [θ] & leaf water potentials [Ψ]) were recorded through July. The irrigation effect on ECB parameters was slight and variable. Internal stalk temperatures of optimal plants were consistently cooler than their deficit counterparts (1 day-degree/day). With degree-days included as an explanatory variable in the analyses, there were no significant irrigation effects on the ECB parameters, except for total proportion of ECB's bored into maize plant parts. More ECB's bored into drier plants than in optimal plants; however, this trend was not significant in 1987. Plant water indices showed that though Ψ responded to irrigation, there were only minor changes in tissue θ, particularly in view of the larger diurnal tissue changes observed and the relatively high, sustained stalk θ levels seen over all treatments. Examination of ECB pupal θ confirmed that dietary water changes were minor or non-limiting to the insects' developmental physiology, because pupal θ was not sensitive to the irrigation treatments. Though water supply changes have drastic developmental and agronomic consequences for the maize plant, little or no changes were seen in the ECB feeding environment. Furthermore, a plant damage model was developed whereby the total % of ECB's tunnelled into maize was related to the mean larval age. The implications of this model on the understanding of ECB tunnelling behavior, damage potential, and pest management is noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; phytotron ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des plants de maïs se développent dans un phytotron dans 4 conditions d'humidité du sol (de la saturation à la dessication) et à 3 températures constantes (20°, 25° & 30°C). Chaque pied est contaminé au moment de l'émission du pollen, par une ooplaque d'O. nubilalis Hübn. (ECB) de race européenne E. L'installation, la colonisation et le développement des chenilles sont notés lors de 12 périodes de prélèvements destructifs (4 par température). La vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est affectée par la température, main non par l'humidité du sol. Les 4 niveaux d'humidité du sol n'ont aucun effet sur la teneur en eau des tiges de maïs. En fait, les feuilles de maïs présentent une senescence précoce lorsqu'il y a déficit en eau dans le sol. La teneur en eau du sol agit sur l'installation, sur la distribution verticale, la dispersion et le lieu d'alimentation des chenilles; mais ces effets sont légers et ne modifient pas la vitesse de développement. L'environnement larvaire dans la tige de maïs est efficacement isolé des variations externes par l'aptitude de la plante à maintenir la teneur en eau des tiges relativement élevée et stable. Ainsi, des changements importants au niveau du sol n'ont pratiquement pas d'effets sur le développement d'O. nubilalis, malgré les conséquences brutales pour la plante. Cette étude montre que la vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est relativement insensible aux modifications de la teneur en eau du sol ainsi qu'aux effets de ce stress de sécheresse sévère sur le pied de maïs. La discussion porte sur l'importance de ces résultats pour la modélisation de la dynamique de l'insecte, la physiologie de la culture et les interactions entre insecte et plante.
    Notes: Abstract Maize plants were grown under four moisture regimes (wet to extreme deficit) and three constant temperatures (20°, 25° & 30°C) in a phytotron. Each plant was infested with one E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.)] (ECB) egg mass at pollen shed. ECB development, location, and establishment were recorded over the course of 12 destructive sample dates (4/temperature). ECB developmental rates were not significantly affected by soil moisture treatments, but were significantly affected by temperature. In spite of successful establishment of four distinctly different soil moisture regimes, the maize stalk tissue water levels were not significantly different among soil water treatments. Instead, the maize plants exhibited accelerated leaf senescence in response to the water deficit conditions. Among the soil water treatments, differences were found in larval establishment, vertical distribution and dispersion, and feeding site selection; however, those effects were slight and could not explain the similarity in ECB developmental rates observed in these treatments. In maize, the larval environment within the stalk was effectively insulated from changes in the external environment by the plant's ability to maintain a relatively high and stable stalk tissue water content. Thus, large changes to the soil environment had essentially no effect on ECB development, though drastic consequences for the plant. This study indicates that ECB rates of development are relatively insensitive to changes in the soil water environment as well as the associated changes in the maize plant that accompany severe drought stress. The significance of these findings to insect modelling, crop physiology, and insect-crop interactions is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 531-536 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Le but de cette étude est de déterminer la sensibilité de l'impédance électrique de la cage thoracique aux changements du volume sanguin dans différentes régions du thorax. Pour cela, le sang de chiens récemment sacrifiés a été infusé de manière variable à la fois par étapes et en continu dans les ventricules, oreillettes, poumons et également dans des segments isolés de l'aorte. Les résultats montrent que les sensibilités de l'impédance aux changements de volume dans les oreillettes et l'aorte sont similaires, tandis que les changements de volume dans les ventricules sont nettement moins d'effet. Des pulsations de sang de volume égal dans les poumons ou l'aorte donnent un changement d'impédance d'amplitude similaire, mais une estimation basée sur les changements de pression de contrôle indique que l'effet des changements de volume sanguin dans l'aorte modifie l'impédance de moins de 30%. Ces données montrent donc que des changements de volume de plusieurs des structures cardiovasculaires intrathrocaques participent probablement à la création d'un changement d'impédance électrique cardiaque composite.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Zweck dieser Studie war, die Sensibilität der brustkorbbezüglichen elektrischen Impedanzveränderung auf Blutvolumenveränderungen in verschiedenen Regionen des Brustkorbs zu bestimmen. Bei kurz zuvor euthanasierten Hunden wurde Blut sowohl schrittweise als auch in kontinuierlicher Form abwechselnd in die Hirnkammern, Atria, Lungen und isolierte Segmente der Aorta infusiert. Die Resultate zeigen, daß die Impedanzsensibilität in bezug auf die Volumenveränderungen in Atria und Aorta in beiden ähnlich ist, während die Volumensveränderungen der Hirnkammern eine bedeutend kleinere Wirkung zeigten. Gleiche Blutvolumenimpulse in Lunge oder Aorta erzeugen eine ähnlich große Impedanzveränderung, jedoch weisen auf Regeldruckveränderungen basierende Schätzungen darauf hin, daß die Wirkung der Aorta-Volumenveränderung auf die Impedanz kleiner als 30% ist. Deshalb sind die Daten eine Indikation dafür, daß Volumenveränderungen verschiedener intrathorakischer herzgefäßbezüglicher Strukturen möglicherweise zur Erzeugung einer zusammengesetzten kardiogenen elektrischen Impedanzveränderung beitragen.
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of the thoracic electrical impedance change to blood-volume changes in various regions of the thorax. Using recently euthanatised dogs blood was infused in both a stepwise and a continuously varying manner into the ventricles, atria, lungs and isolated segments of the aorta. The results show that the impedance sensitivities to volume changes in the atria and aorta are similar, whereas the volume changes of the ventricles showed a significantly smaller effect. Equal blood-volume pulses into the lungs or aorta cause an impedance change of a similar magnitude, but estimates based on control-pressure changes indicate the effect of aorta volume change on the impedance to be less than 30%. The data, therefore, indicate that changes in volume of several of the intrathoracic cardiovascular structures are likely to be involved in the generation of a composite cardiogenic electrical impedance change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 23 (1985), S. 411-417 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Cardiac output ; Impedance cardiography ; Impedance plethysmography ; Modelling ; Stroke volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A three-dimensional electrical model was developed to study the origin of ΔZ due to cardiac activity recorded from band electrodes around the neck and lower thorax. Volume changes were simulated with resistivity changes in the lungs, large arteries, large veins and atria, ventricles, small arteries and veins and the skeletal muscle for a typical 80 ml ventricular stroke volume. The results showed the contributions to ΔZ to be 61 per cent from the lungs, 23 per cent from the large arteries and 13 per cent from the skeletal muscle. The ΔZ signal was most sensitive to skeletal muscle volume change The results indicate that the ΔZ signal has many origins which could cause significant error in calculated cardiac function it all the regions do not change in the normal related pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 654-656 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Bladder function ; Spinal cord ; Voiding alarm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 28 (1990), S. 212-216 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Cardiac output ; Electrical field mapping ; Impedance cardiography ; Impedance plethysmography ; Stroke volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cardiogenic impedance signal from band electrodes placed in the traditional position around the neck and lower thorax was studied by mapping the location of the signal on the sternum using 10 cm strip electrodes in eight male subjects. The band current electrodes on the neck and waist were replaced with 10cm strip electrodes on the forehead and 10 cm below the xiphisternal joint, respectively, with only small changes in the dZ/dt peak amplitude and Zo. Similarly, using a strip voltage pickup electrode at the level of the xiphisternal joint resulted in very small changes in the waveform. The amplitude of dZ/dt measured between the xiphisternal joint and points along the sternum remains small until approximately 10cm below the suprasternal notch, after which it increased linearly to the top of the neck. An average of 17 per cent and 24 per cent of the dZ/dt signal and 24 per cent and 22 per cent of the Zo signal for supine and standing, respectively, occurs above the suprasternal notch. Replacing the current electrodes with strip electrodes on the forehead and waist caused only small changes in the signal. The position of the neck strip electrode is more critical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 30 (1992), S. 556-561 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Filtering ; Impedance cardiography ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 25 (1987), S. 677-679 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Cardiac output ; Electrical impedance plethysmography ; Impedance cardiography ; Oesophageal electrode ; Stroke volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 29 (1991), S. 505-510 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Cardiac functions ; Impedance cardiography ; Respiratory effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The respiratory effects on impedance-determined cardiac indices ((dZ/dt)min, stroke volume (SV), the Heather index (HI) and the O-wave) were measured at 100 kHz on ten normal males in the supine and sitting positions. The respiration was synchronised to 1/5th of the heart rate using voluntary cardiorespiratory synchronisation (VCRS). Digital filtering was used to eliminate breathing artefacts in the impedance signals, SV, (dZ/dt)min and HI were statistically higher during inspiration than expiration. Ensemble-averaging of (dZ/dt) signals using the R spike of the ECG as reference will lose beat-to-beat information and statistically reduce (dZ/dt)min because of the variation of RZ intervals during respiration Zo increased with inspiration and decreased in expiration delayed by one heart beat. The ratio of the O-wave height to (dZ/dt)min changed by 48 per cent from the beginning of inspiration to the end of expiration. Based on the timing and direction of the changes, the data imply that the traditional band impedance measurement is more closely related to the right heart event than to that of the left heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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