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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra mutant ; Morphogenetic substances ; Head formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A mutant ofHydra attenuata is analysed, theaberrant, which is distinct from the wild type in having a smaller head with fewer tentacles and only half the number of head-specific cells. The rate of head and foot regeneration and the doubling time are slower inaberrants than in normal hydra. The lower head-forming potential is paralleled by a reduced concentration of head-specific morphogens: compared to the wild type, in theaberrant the concentration of head activator is reduced to 70% in the head and to 50% in the body, the concentration of head inhibitor is reduced to 50% in the head and to 80% in the body. Theaberrant is more sensitive (3 times) to added head activator and less sensitive (〉5 times) to added head inhibitor than the wild type. The slower rate of foot regeneration is paralleled by a lower content of foot-specific morphogens: compared to the wild type, in theaberrant the foot activator is reduced to 40% and the foot inhibitor to 70%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 207-214 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Hydra mutant ; Morphogenetic substances ; Bud formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Non-budding mutants ofChlorohydra viridissima regenerate heads 6 h faster thanHydra attenuata and the number of tentacles per head is higher. The polarity in pieces from the gastric region is the more labile, the smaller the pieces are. In regenerates heads and tentacles form much more frequently than feet, giving rise to bipolar or multiheaded structures. Buds very seldom form under normal conditions, but they occasionally occur in regenerating animals with two cut surfaces. The higher head-forming potential in the mutant is paralleled by a higher head-activator concentration (20-fold in head, 4-fold in body), than inHydra attenuata, which is not accompanied by an equivalent increase in head-inhibitor concentration (1.4-fold in head, 2-fold in body). The foot-activator concentration is slightly reduced (1.3-fold), the foot-inhibitor concentration is higher (1.6-fold) than inH. attenuata. The mutant is extremely insensitive to head activator, relatively insensitive to head inhibitor and foot inhibitor, but sensitive to foot activator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virus genes 21 (2000), S. 27-37 
    ISSN: 1572-994X
    Keywords: HBV ; infection ; liver ; hepadnaviruses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatitis B viruses are DNA viruses characterized by their very small genome size and their unique replication via reverse transcription. The circular genome has been efficiently exploited, thereby limiting genome variation, and leaves no space for genes in addition to those essentially needed during the viral live cycle. Hepatitis B viruses are prototype non-cytopathic viruses causing persistent infection. Human hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as the closely related animal viruses, most frequently are transmitted vertically from mothers to their offspring. Because infection usually persists for many years, if not lifelong, hepatitis B viruses need efficient mechanisms to hide from the immune response of the host. To escape the immune response, they exploit different strategies. Firstly, they use their structural and non-structural proteins multiplely. One of the purposes is to alter the immune response. Secondly, they replicate by establishing a pool of stable extrachromosomal transcription templates, which allow the virus to react sensitively to changes in its microenvironment by up- or downregulating gene expression. Thirdly, hepatitis B viruses replicate in the liver which is an immunopriviledged site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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