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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of the glenohumeral ligaments in active stabilisation of the shoulder joint (1993)
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 1 (1993), S. 152-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Glenohumeral joint ; Mechanoreceptors ; Proprioception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The joint capsules and the glenohumeral ligaments of 12 human shoulder specimens were histologically investigated by light microscopy. Serial sections of 15 μm thickness were cut. The tissue was stained following the haematoxylin-eosin and van Giesson techniques. For specific identification of neural elements we made use of a special silver impregnation technique, described by Novotny, for staining axons in peripheral nerves. Axons of different diameters ranging from 0.2 μm to 70 μm were discovered within the ligaments. Close to the humeral site we, found small nerves forming neurovascular bundles. Within their connective tissue sheaths, the axons exhibited a serpentine configuration, which may give extra length and may allow stretching of the nerve during motion. most of the axons discovered were located in the subsynovial layer of the ligaments. In general the diameter of these subsynovial axons did not exceed 10 μm. In addition to these axonal structures, we detected nerve endings which can be classified according to Freeman and Wyke as type II mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles). These mechanoreceptors had a diameter of approximately 150 μm. They were also positioned directly beneath the synovial membrane and close to the humeral site of insertion of the ligaments.Clinical significance: The described neural structures in the glenohumeral ligaments are of particular clinical importance in the light of the high incidence of recurrent shoulder dislocation and concomitant Bankart lesions. The mechanoreceptors located in the glenohumeral ligaments may control the stabilising shoulder musculature. On this premise, rupture or detachment of these ligaments will lead to a loss of a feedback mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01560197
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proprioceptive function of the shoulder girdle in healthy volunteers (1996)
    Springer
    Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy 3 (1996), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Shoulder joint ; Proprioception ; Angle reproduction test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract In 27 healthy volunteers (9 females, 18 males) we evaluated the proprioceptive function of the glenohumral joint. The volunteers were asked to place the arm in different positions with and without visual control. The test was performed for the dominant and for the nondominant extremity. The following joint positions were measured: 50°, 100°, 150° abduction; 50°, 100°, 150° flexion; +45°, 0°, −45° rotation in 90° abduction. Joint position was documented with a motion-analyzing system with passive reflecting markers. The results showed significant differences between the measurements with and without visual control. Proprioception was worse below the shoulder level (50° abduction, flexion). Two volunteers with generally good coordinative capabilities showed better results than the rest of the group. We observed no differences between dominant and nondominant extremities nor between males and females. Our results demonstrated low variance of the proprioceptive function of the glenohumeral joint in healthy volunteers. Our findings serve as a base for further evaluations in different patients' populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01466621
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anwendungen der Phasentransfer-Katalyse, II. Synthese von 2-Dihalogenmethyl-1,3-dioxolanen und 2-Dihalogenmethyl-1,3-dioxanen (1979)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2402-2412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Applications of Phase Transfer Catalysis, II. Synthesis of 2-Dihalogenomethyl-1,3-dioxolanes and 2-Dihalogenomethyl-1,3-dioxanes2-Substituted 1,3-dioxolanes 1a-35a react with dichlorocarbene generated by phase transfer catalysis via selective C(2)-H-insertion giving the 2-dichloromethyl-1,3-dioxolanes 1b-24b. and 26b-35b. In the same way the 2-dichloromethyl-1,3-dioxanes le, 2e, 4e-6e,12e, 26e, and 30e and the 2-dibromomethyl-1,3-dioxolanes 1c, 2c, 4c-6c, 12c, 26c, 28c, and 30c are prepared.
    Notes: 2-Substituierte 1,3-Dioxolane 1a-35a reagieren mit durch Phasentransfer-Katalyse erzeugtem Dichlorcarben unter selektiver C(2)-H-Insertion zu den 2-Dichlormethyl-1,3-dioxolanen 1b-24b und 26b-35b. Ebenso entstehen die 2-Dichlormethyl-1,3-dioxane 1e, 2e, 4e-6e, 12e, 26e und 30e und die 2-Dibrommethyl-1,3-dioxolane lc, 2c, 4c-6c, 12c, 26c, 28c und 30c.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19791120707
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anwendungen der Phasentransfer-Katalyse, VIII1) Darstellung und einige Reaktionen von tetrasubstituierten 6,6-Dihalogenbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-onen (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 1836-1844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Applications of Phase Transfer Catalysis, VIII1) Synthesis and some Reactions of Tetrasubstituted 6,6-Dihalogenobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-onesThe reaction of tetrasubstituted cyclopentadienones 1 with dichlorocarbene or dibromocarbene gives specifically the 6,6-dihalogenobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-ones 2 and 3. Reductive ring opening of 2 or 3 with LiAlH4 cleanly yields the tetrasubstituted 3-halogenophenols 4 and 5. Reaction of 2 or 3 with methylmagnesium iodide leads to 2,4-cyclohexadien-1-ones 13 and to 1-halogeno-5-methylene-1,3-cyclohexadienes 14.
    Notes: Die Reaktion der tetrasubstituierten Cyclopentadienone 1 mit Dichlorcarben bzw. Dibromcarben führt spezifisch zu den 6,6-Dihalogenbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-onen 2 bzw. 3, deren reduktive Ringöffnung mit LiAlH4 einen einfachen Weg zu den tetrasubstituierten 3-Halogenphenolen 4 bzw. 5 darstellt. Umsetzung von 2 bzw. 3 mit Methylmagnesiumiodid ermöglicht einen neuen Zugang zu 2,4-Cyclohexadien-1-onen 13 und zu 1-Halogen-5-methylen-1,3-cyclohexadienen 14.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19811140521
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die C-Acylierung mit Diacylaminen (1970)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1088-1094 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the C-Acylation with DiacylaminesThe acylation of methyl ketones (1a-c) with N-methyldiacetamide, N-substituted monocyclic imides (2a-d), N-acyl lactams (4a-e) as well as a bicyclic imide (7) in the presence of sodium hydride to give 3a-f, 5a-e, 6a-c, and 8 is described.
    Notes: Die Acylierung von Methylketonen (1a-c) mit N-Methyl-diacetamid, N-substituierten monocyclischen Imiden (2a-d), N-Acyl-lactamen (4a-e) sowie einem bicyclischen Imid (7) in Gegenwart von Natriumhydrid zu 3a-f, 5a-e, 6a-c, und 8 wird beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19701030412
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Kenntnis der Hexahydro-phthalsäure (1932)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 65 (1932), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0365-9631
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19320650311
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