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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and spatial development of infarcts in porcine hearts (1984)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 79 (1984), S. 440-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: myocardium ; ischemia ; infarction ; reperfusion ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the temporal and spatial development of infarcts in porcine hearts to evaluate the time-dependent beneficial effect of reperfusion on infarct size. The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded in 17 pigs for different periods of time followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Transmural needle biopsies subdivided into subendocardial and subepicardial halves were taken from the ischemic apex after 60 min of ischemia to determine the tissue concentrations of ATP and NAD. The myocardium-at-risk was assessed with a fluorescent dye injected into the right atrium at the end of the experiments, just after the LAD had been reoccluded. The excised hearts were cut into slices parallel to the heart basis. The ischemic myocardium was measured by planimetry of the nonfluorescent areas whereas the infarcted tissue was determined with the NBT stain and related to the area-at-risk. Ischemic cell death started in the jeopardized left ventricular subendocardial septum after about 30 min of ischemia. The further progress involved the right subendocardial septum and the subendocardium of the left anterior free wall. Already after 75 min of ischemia most of the myocytes-at-risk were irreversibly injured. Infarctions reached their final extent after 90–120 min of ischemia. These results indicate that in hearts without a significant collateral blood flow reperfusion can only reduce infarct size if its initiated within 60–75 min of ischemia. Like in canine hearts infarctions progress from the ischemic subendocardium towards the outer layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01908144
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute treatment with vitamin E does not protect the regionally ischemic, reperfused porcine heart (1991)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 86 (1991), S. 32-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: ischemia ; reperfusion ; vitamin E ; infarct size ; regionalsystolic shortening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty pigs were randomly assigned to a blind treatment with vitamin E or placebo. Ten animals each received 0.5g d-alpha tocopherol intravenously before ischemia (group 1) or before reperfusion (group 2). Ten control pigs were treated with a lipid emulsion as placebo. The left anterior descending coronary artery was distally ligated for 45 min followed by 3 days of reperfusion. Infarct size was determined as ratio of infarcted (tetrazolium stain) to ischemic myocardium (dye technique). Regional systolic shortening was assessed by sonomicrometry. Myocardial and plasma concentrations of vitamin E were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Global hemodynamic parameters and estimated left ventricular oxygen consumption did not differ among the three groups. Intravenous treatment with vitamin E raised the plasma levels of this vitamin from 1 ± 0.3 mg/l (control group) to 21 ± 6 mg/l before ischemia, to 4 ± 2 mg/l before reperfusion and to 2 ± 0.6 mg/l at the end of the experiments in group 1. In group 2, vitamin E plasma levels increased from 1 ± 0.3 mg/l to 24 ± 13 mg/l before reperfusion and to 2 ± 0.6 mg/l after 3 days of reperfusion. At the end of the experiments, myocardial vitamin E concentrations amounted to 4.2 ± 0.7 ng/mg fresh weight (control group), 9.7 ± 2.1 ng/mg (group 1), and to 8.7 ± 1.4 ng/mg (group 2). The increase in vitamin E plasma concentration was not associated with a cardioprotective effect. Infarct sizes of the three groups (group 1: 68 ± 12%, group 2: 66 ± 15%, control group: 69 ± 8%) were almost identical. Furthermore, recovery of systolic shortening was not improved by the acute vitamin E treatment. Mean systolic shortening of the reperfused segment amounted to 4% in the two treatment groups and 3% in the control group after 3 days of reperfusion. These results suggest that an acute increase in vitamin E plasma concentration before ischemia or during the early phase of reperfusion does not protect the ischemic, reperfused porcine heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193869
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracoronary hyperosmotic mannitol during reperfusion does not affect infarct size in ischemic, reperfused porcine hearts (1985)
    Springer
    Basic research in cardiology 80 (1985), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1803
    Keywords: mannitol ; ischemia ; reperfusion ; infarct size ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the effect of reperfusion with hyperosmotic mannitol on the infarct size in porcine hearts. The distal half of the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in each of 21 anesthetized pigs for 75 min and was reperfused for 2 h. During reperfusion mannitol (1075 mosmol/kg) was intracoronarily infused at a dose of 0.5 ml/min in 6 pigs (“low” mannitol group), at a dose of 1.5 ml/min in another 6 pigs (“high” mannitol group), and at a dose of 5 ml/min in 3 pigs for the first 8 min of reperfusion (“very high” mannitol group). 6 pigs served as controls. Although mannitol infusion increased plasma osmolality in the ischemic, reperfused myocardium in all experiments, the infarct size expressed as the ratio of the infarcted tissue over the area at risk of necrosis was not significantly influenced. Infarct size amounted to 72±25% in the control group, to 75±14% in the “low” mannitol group, to 78±18% in the “high” mannitol group, and to 93±8% in the “very high” mannitol group. These results clearly indicate that reperfusion with hyperosmotic mannitol after 75 min of ischemia does not exert any beneficial effect on the infarct size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01907901
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ein Titan(IV)-Komplex mit zwei koordinativ gebundenen Wassermolekülen: [(π-C5H5)2 Ti(H2O)2](NO3)2 (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 476 (1981), S. 62-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Titanium (IV) Complex with Two Coordinatively Bonded Water Molecules: [(π-C5H5)2Ti(H2O)2](NO3)2(π-C5H5)2Ti(NO3)2 and H2O react in acetone to form the diaquo complex [(π-C5H5)2-Ti(H2O)2](NO3)2 (A). An X-ray analysis shows the titanium atom to be nearly tetrahedrally coordinated. Mean values of distances: Ti—O 2.01 Å, Ti—Z 2.03 Å (Z = center of ring); angles: O—Ti—O 92.7°, Z—Ti—Z 133.6°. Anions and cations are joined by hydrogen bonds to form strands that run in the direction of the crystallographic a axis. A crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with Z = 4 and lattice parameters at - 100°C a = 7.601(2), b = 13.458(4) and c = 13.139(4) Å.
    Notes: (π-C5H5)2Ti(NO3)2 reagiert mit Wasser in Aceton unter Bildung des Diaquokomplexes [(π-C5H5)2Ti(H2O)2](NO3)2 (A). Eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse ergibt, daß das Ti-Atom eine annähernd tetraedrische Koordination besitzt. Mittelwerte der Abstände: Ti—O 2,01 Å, Ti—Z 2,03 Å (Z = Ringzentrum); Winkel: O—Ti—O 92, 7°, Z—Ti—Z 133,6°. Die Anionen und Kationen sind entlang der kristallographischen a-Achse durch Wasserstoffbrücken zu Strängen verknüpft. A kristallisiert in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pnma mit Z = 4 und den Gitterkonstanten bei — 100°C a = 7,601(2), b = 13,458(4) und c = 13,139(4) Å.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19814760508
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Umsetzung von Adipinsäurediamid mit Phosphorpentachlorid (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 396 (1973), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reaction of Adipic Acid Diamide with Phosphorus PentachlorideThe reaction of adipamide (I) with phosphorus pentachloride in a solvent leads to (Cl3P=NCCl2CCl2CH2)2 (II). The stages of the reaction are: 1. chlorination of the keto and methylen groups 2. formation of the —N=PCl3 group.This result is a supplement of the existing conception about the course of the reaction of carboxylic acid amides with phosphorus pentachloride.The reaction of (I) with PCl5 without any solvent has been reproduced and the course of reaction has also been investigated. This reaction gives mainly NC(CH2)4CN.The resulting product of a careful hydrolysis of (II) is (Cl2OPN=CClCl2CH2)2. A total hydrolysis gives back (I).
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Adipinsäurediamid (I) mit Phosphorpentachlorid in einem Verdünnungsmittel bildet sich (Cl3P=NCCl2CCl2CH2)2 (II). Der Reaktionsablauf ist: 1. Chlorierung der Keto- und Methylengruppen und 2. Bildung der —N=PCl3-Gruppierung. Dieses Ergebnis ist eine Ergänzung der bisherigen Vorstellungen über den Reaktionsablauf bei der Umsetzung von Säureamiden mit Phosphorpentachlorid.Die Reaktion von (I) mit PCl5 ohne Lösungsmittel wurde nachgearbeitet und ebenfalls in ihrem Ablauf untersucht. Hierbei entsteht vornehmlich NC(CH2)4CN.Bei vorsichtiger Hydrolyse von (II) erhält man (Cl2OPN=CClCCl2CH2)2. Totalhydrolyse führt zur Rückbildung von (I).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19733960303
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ein neuer Beitrag zur Phosphazoreaktion (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 399 (1973), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Contribution to the Phosphazo ReactionThe reaction of acrylonitrile with phosphorus pentachloride gives ClCH2CCl2CCl2NPCl3 (I) and a hexachlorophosphate with the composition C3H2Cl14NP3 (II). For the first time the structure of (II) has been exactly determined by using 1H- and 31P-NMR-spectra. The course of reaction was studied in detail. 3-chloropropionitrile has been found as the product of a secondary reaction. The reaction of butyramide with PCl5 has also been investigated, and was found to be analogous.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Acrylnitril mit PCl5 entsteht neben ClCH2CCl2CCl2NPCl3 (I) auch das Hexachlorophosphat mit der Zusammensetzung C3H2Cl14NP3 (II). Die Struktur von (II) konnte durch 1H- und 31P-NMR-Untersuchungen erstmals eindeutig bestimmt werden. Der gesamte Reaktionsablauf wurde untersucht. Infolge einer Sekundärreaktion entsteht u. a. 3-Chlorpropionitril. Die Umsetzung von Butyramid mit PCl5 wird ebenfalls beschrieben. Sie zeigt einen analogen Verlauf.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19733990213
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen über Phosphazoverbindungen aus Anilinen mit PhosphorpentachloridFrau Professor Margot Becke-Goehring zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1974)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 406 (1974), S. 214-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Phosphazo Compounds from Anilines with Phosphorus PentachlorideThe reaction of anilines with PCl5 gives the monomer compound ArNPCl3. This will dimerize in many cases to (ArNPCl3)2. There are no indications for the former postulated intermediate product ArNHPCl4. We can correlate the tendency to dimerize with the basicity of the anilines. This is confirmed by the measurements of the constants of basicity in acetonitrile.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von Anilinen mit PCl5 entsteht die monomere Verbindung ArNPCl3. Diese dimerisiert in vielen Fällen zu (ArNPCl3)2. Für die früher postulierte Zwischenstufe ArNHPCl4 gibt es keine Hinweise. Die Neigung zur Dimerisation ist mit der Basizität der Aniline korrelierbar. Dies wird durch die Messung der Basenkonstanten in Acetonitril bestätigt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19744060213
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strukturchemie titan-organischer Verbindungen: Die Struktur von [(π-C5H5)2 Ti(NO3)]2O (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 479 (1981), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structural Chemistry of Organotitanium Compounds: Structure of [(π-C5H5)2Ti(NO3)]2OCareful hydrolysis of (π-C5H5)2Ti(NO3)2 in tetrahydrofuran yields crystals of [(π-C5H5)2Ti(NO3)]2O (A). Crystal data of A: monoclinic, space group P21/c; lattice constants: a = 12.656(4), b = 10.181(5), c = 16.197(3) Å, ß = 93.57(3)º, Z = 4. As an X-ray analysis shows, the NO3 groups act as monodentate ligands with Ti—O distances of 2.085 and 2.059 Å. The ligands are arranged in a nearly tetrahedral way around the Ti atoms. The bond angle at the bridging O atom is 171.8º.
    Notes: Bei der vorsichtigen Hydrolyse von (π-C5H5)2Ti(NO3)2 in Tetrahydrofuran entsteht der Zweikernkomplex [(π-C5H5)2Ti(NO3)]2O (A) Kristalldaten von A: monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/c; Gitterkonstanten: a = 12,656(4), b = 10,181(5), c = 16,197(3) Å, ß = 93,57(3)º und Z = 4. Eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse ergibt, daß die Nitratgruppen als einzähnige Liganden mit Ti—O-Abständen von 2,085 und 2,059 Å fungieren. Die Ti-Atome weisen eine annähernd tetraedrische Koordination auf. Der Winkel am Brücken-O-Atom beträgt 171,8º.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19814790813
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abbau einiger Harnsäureglykol-äther durch Lauge (1925)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 58 (1925), S. 2740-2747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0365-9631
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19250581207
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Verhalten der Elemente der III. Gruppe zueinander und zu den Elementen der IV. Gruppe (1948)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 256 (1948), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0372-7874
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1Es werden die Zustandsdiagramme von: Aluminium/Indium, Gallium-Thallium, Gallium/Silicium, Gallium/Germanium, Indium/Silicium, Indium/Germanium, Thallium/Germanium bestimmt.2Die von Valentiner und Mitarbeitern bearbeiteten Zustandsdiagramme des Indiums mit Thallium, Zinn und Blei werden, zum Teil auf Grund neuer Versuche, erörtert.3Es wird das Verhalten der Elemente der III. Gruppe zueinander wie zu den Elementen der IV. Gruppe besprochen. Es ergibt sich, daß die Elemente der III. Gruppe sowohl in der Tendenz zur Verbindungsbildung als auch in der Neigung zur Mischbarkeit ein Minimum aller Gruppen darstellen.4Es wird eine einfache Heizkamera beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19482560404
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