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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilisation of codeine and propoxyphene: geographic and demographic variations in prescribing, prescriber and recipient categories (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 605-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Codeine ; Propoxyphene ; Utilisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To assess (1) whether the utilisation of codeine or propoxyphene differs among the three major Swedish cities (Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö) and between urban and semirural areas; (2) if so, whether it co-varies with the utilisation of other potentially dependence-promoting drugs, benzodiazepines; (3) what influence age, gender and socioeconomic factors have on the prescribing of the two narcotic analgesics; and (4) whether different codeine-prescriber categories have different prescribing habits. Methods: In Sweden, all pharmacies are owned by one corporation, Apoteket AB. This corporation collects, stores and compiles statistics on all drug sales in Sweden, and data are available both on national, regional, county and municipal levels. The employed unit is defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day. Using the pharmacy computer system while dispensing a drug, prescription patterns can be elucidated. This system describes the number of drug items dispensed, drug amounts and age and gender of patients. Furthermore, data from another, ecological study were used to relate codeine and propoxyphene utilisation to that of benzodiazepines and to various socioeconomic data available from records of the city of Malmö. Results: The utilisation of analgesics in Sweden has increased during a 10-year period. The withdrawal of over-the-counter combinations containing aspirin and low-dose codeine in 1990 resulted only in a transient decrease of codeine use. The utilisation of codeine in Malmö and Göteborg was considerably higher than that in Stockholm and in the rest of Sweden, including the surroundings of Malmö. In Malmö and Göteborg, codeine was most often prescribed by private physicians to middle-aged persons, particularly women. Districts in Malmö with a high utilisation of codeine were associated with unfavourable socioeconomic conditions and a high utilisation of benzodiazepines. The utilisation pattern of propoxyphene showed less or no such deviations. Conclusion: The results suggest an inappropriate use of codeine in two major cities in Sweden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050680
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validation of observed differences in the utilization of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs in Northern Ireland, Norway and Sweden (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: antihypertensive drugs ; antidiabetic drugs ; prescribing practice ; utilization ; Northern Ireland ; Norway ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The amount of antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs based of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day varies two to three fold between Northern Ireland, Norway, and Sweden. We explored whether variations based on the universally applied defined daily doses might be accounted for by national differences in the actual average prescribed daily doses. Use of prescribed daily doses for antihypertensive drugs resulted in Northern Irish and Norwegian consumption figures which were respectively 40 and 21% lower than the Swedish one, compared to 38 and 25% when defined daily doses were used. The effect of population age-sex differences on the gross defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day figures was determined by applying the Northern Irish or Norwegian age-sex group proportions to Swedish age-sex specific sales data. Taking population differences into account would have resulted in antihypertensive drug use being 21 rather than 38% less in Northern Ireland and 18 rather than 25% less in Norway. Also adjustment for prescribed daily doses left an unexplained difference of 23% between Sweden and Northern Ireland and 14% between Sweden and Norway. For oral antidiabetics use of prescribed daily doses resulted in a Northern Irish — Swedish difference of 62% compared to 67% when defined daily doses were used. Simultaneous adjustment for population differences and prescribed to defined daily dose variations left a 52% difference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547360
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prescription monitoring of drug dosages in the county of Jämtland and Sweden as a whole in 1976, 1982 and 1985 (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 38 (1990), S. 329-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prescription monitoring ; drug dosage ; Sweden ; Jämtland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prescribed doses of drugs for which individualisation of dosage is deemed necessary were recorded from one national and one local Swedish prescription monitoring study for the years 1976, 1982 and 1985. Dose patterns were analysed in order to determine whether the practice of individualising drug doses had become more widely adopted by physicians. Amongst drugs eliminated primarily by metabolism, (propranolol and amitriptyline were prescribed in highly variable doses (30-fold or more). The three commonest doses of these agents accounted for about 60% of the prescriptions. In general, doses decreased with increasing patient age. Prescribing practices for piroxicam differed markedly from those of propranolol and amitriptyline, with one fixed dose of piroxicam accounting for about 90% of all prescriptions. For drugs eliminated mainly by renal excretion (digoxin, cimetidine and atenolol) there was an 8–10-fold variation in the prescribed doses. The most frequent dose of these drugs accounted for 40–60% of the prescriptions. Doses of cimetidine and atenolol were lowered only in the oldest patients. The doses of digoxin decreased more evenly with increasing age, and were reduced in elderly patients on long-term maintenance therapy. The difference in digoxin dose between young and old patients increased during the study period. Prescription monitoring as a method for following-up drug usage may be instrumental in evaluating the effect of drug educational efforts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315570
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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