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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 285-291 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Tethered-spinal-cord-Syndrom ; Erwachsene ; Key words Tethered spinal cord syndrome ; Adults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The tethered spinal cord syndrome is more often encountered in children, but does also occur in adults. Its clinical spectrum comprises low back pain, neurological deficits such as distal motor weakness and trophic and sensory disturbances in the legs, urological symptoms and such musculoskeletal signs as scoliosis or foot deformities. In addition, cutaneous lesions or subcutaneous lipomas in the lumbosacral region may be indirect signs of an intraspinal pathology. This consists in a tight, thickened and sometimes shortened filum terminale, an intraspinal lipoma, intradural scar formation or other lesions that lead to conus fixation. The common mechanism of injury of these types of pathologies is an impairment of longitudinal movement of the spinal cord, especially the conus medullaris, which subsequently leads to chronic local ischemia. Diagnosis is most readily achieved by magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment is aimed at the restoration of cord mobility by means of microsurgical release of the conus, the cauda equina and the filum terminale with the aid of cauda equina neuromonitoring. Further progression can be effectively halted; in fact almost half of the patients actually improve. Therefore, every patient presenting with the clinical diagnosis of tethered cord syndrome should be offered specialized surgical treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Tethered-spinal-cord Syndrom ist ein auch bei Erwachsenen auftretender klinischer Symptomenkomplex. Er umfaßt Lumbalgien, neurologische Ausfälle, wie distal betonte Paresen, trophische und Sensibilitätsstörungen der Beine und des Gesäßes, urologische Symptome, wie Miktionsstörungen, und orthopädische Veränderungen, wie Wirbelsäulenfehlhaltungen und Fußdeformitäten. Nävi und subkutane Lipome in der Lumbosakralregion können den klinischen Verdacht auf eine für die Symptomatik verantwortliche intraspinale Pathologie lenken. Diese besteht in einem gespannten, verdickten und z.T. auch verkürzten Filum terminale oder einem intraspinalen Lipom, das den Konus des Rückenmarks fixiert. Der gemeinsame zu den klinischen Veränderungen führende Pathomechanismus dieser Läsionen ist eine Einschränkung der longitudinalen Bewegungsfreiheit des Rückenmarks, insbesondere des Conus medullaris, was aufgrund der biophysikalischen Eigenschaften des Marks eine lokale Ischämie im Rückenmark zur Folge hat. Zur bildgebenden Diagnostik eignet sich in erster Linie die lumbosakrale Magnetresonanztomographie. Die Behandlung besteht in einer Wiederherstellung der Bewegungsfreiheit des Conus medullaris mittels mikrochirurgischer Durchtrennung des Filum terminale unter Monitoring der sakralen Nervenwurzeln. Die Aussichten, einer Verschlechterung des Zustands bei geringem Komplikationsrisiko Einhalt zu gebieten, sind gut, zusätzlich wird immerhin in etwas weniger als der Hälfte der Fälle eine Besserung erreicht. Allen Patienten, die mehr als nur kutane Dysraphiezeichen aufweisen und besonders denjenigen mit progredienter Symptomatik sollte eine spezialisierte chirurgische Behandlung angeboten werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 127 (1994), S. 21-26 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Cerebral aneurysm ; nimodipine ; prognosis ; rebleed ; subarachnoid haemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage has recently changed considerably. Emergency admission to specialized centres and early surgery have become common practice. In addition, the use of nimodipine has gained widespread acceptance. Little data are available concerning the frequency and temporal profile of reruptures under the current policies. The case histories of 387 patients treated for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage between January 1984 and March 1992 were reviewed with regard to the incidence of in-hospital reruptures. All patients were managed according to the same protocol including a policy of individually timed early surgery and intravenous nimodipine. A total of 44 first in-hospital rebleeds were observed during the waiting period. Two percent of the patients admitted on the day of haemorrhage had a rebleed on the same day after admission to the hospital. No rebleeds were observed on the day after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Rebleed rates on day 2 and 3 were also low with 0.6 and 0.8% of the population with an undipped aneurysm. For the following 10 days, the daily rate of rerupture increased. A further peak was observed during the 4th week. Using life-table methods, the cumulative rate of rebleeds was calculated as 23% within 2 weeks and 42% within 4 weeks. Although patients suffering rebleeds differed in several respects from patients without rebleeds, most of the differences could be identified to be a consequence of a selection bias resulting in a longer period of exposure to the risk of rerupture for certain subgroups. Only patients suffering a loss of consciousness after the initial subarachnoid haemorrhage were definitively exposed to a higher daily risk of rerupture. Comparison with other series suggests that nimodipine treatment may add to the protective effect of bedrest, control of blood pressure and stress deprivation during the first days after subarachnoid haemorrhage. However, it cannot be excluded that withdrawal of nimodipine together with the general precautions in patients with unclipped aneurysms is responsible for the late peak of rebleeds. With regard to the timing of surgery, the low rebleed rates between days 1 and 3 justify semi-elective timing within this interval. On the other hand, in patients in whom aneurysm elimination has been deferred because of bad neurological condition or concomittant medical problems, surgery should be performed prior to the 4th week, unless the prognosis is considered hopeless at this time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Subarachnoid haemorrhage ; vasospasm ; intracranial blood flow ; ultrasound ; nimodipine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 70 consecutive patients admitted within four days after the first aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were evaluated by daily transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) measurement of the blood flow velocities (BFVs) of both middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and by daily recordings of their clinical grade (Hunt and Hess). Patients with no or only little subarachnoid blood in the first CT after admission were classified as low-risk for the development of symptomatic vasospasm (VSP), and patients with big subarachnoid clots or thick layers of subarachnoid blood were graded as high-risk patients for symptomatic VSP. The first series of 33 patients received no nimodipine whereas the second series of 37 patients were treated with nimodipine 2 mg/h intravenously, starting within 24 hours after the SAH in the majority of patients. 7–14 days postoperatively, the intravenous dose was changed to oral nimodipine 60 mg/q4h for one week and then discontinued. A mean BFV curve of the side with the higher flow velocities correlated with the mean clinical status (Hunt and Hess) was calculated by computer analysis for the patients treated without nimodipine and for those receiving nimodipine in each risk group. The mean BFV curves of the same risk groups were compared in order to evaluate the effect of nimodipine for the prevention of vasospasm following SAH. The delayed neurological deficits (DIND) and the functional outcome six months after the SAH were recorded in each group and compared. Nimodipine given within four days after the SAH did not prevent vasospasm evaluated by TCD, but it significantly reduced the severity of the vasoconstriction, especially in high-risk patients. It reduced significantly the incidence of DIND in high-risk patients and improved their functional outcome. Although nimodipine may have a reduced efficacy in preventing vasospasm after early operation of high-risk patients, it probably protects the brain by increasing its tolerance to focal ischaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: [111In-DTPA-D-Phel]-octreotide ; somatostatin receptors ; meningioma ; brain tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied prospectively 47 patients with CNS tumours including 16 meningiomas and 33 other tumours using combined111In-octreotide and99mTc-DTPA brain scintigraphy.111In-octreotide scintigraphy was used to image somatostatin receptors (SSR) and99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy was used to assess the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A total of 32 tumours (65%) were detected. All SSR positive tumours also had positive99mTc-DTPA scans and all SSR negative tumours were negative on99mTc-DTPA scans. Among the tumours located outside the BBB, all meningiomas and two out of six schwannomas were positive on combined SSR/99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy. Among the tumours located inside the BBB, seven out of nine gliomas grade I–III were negatitve, whereas all glioblastomas were positive. Other positive tumours included one malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma and two cerebral metastases. SSR scintigraphy alone was non-specific in the diagnosis of meningiomas, as 16 non-meningiomatous tumours also had positive SSR scans probably due to a breakdown of the BBB (excluding the malignant lymphoma). Measuring the tumour-to-background ratio on SSR scans improved specificity, but sensitivity was decreased below 70% because some meningiomas were only slightly positive. Only the ratio of SSR scintigraphy to conventional99mTc-DTPA brain scintigraphy (SSR-to-BS index) allowed a reliable differentiation of meningiomas from other CNS tumours, most notably from schwannomas (sensitivity: 94%; specificity: 100%). Our results support the usefulness of combined SSR and conventional brain scintigraphy in the noninvasive pre-operative diagnosis of meningiomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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