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  • Phosphate transport  (4)
  • Sulfate transport  (4)
  • Lactate  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Active sulfate reabsorption in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney: Specificity, Na+ and HCO 3 − dependence (1980)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 383 (1980), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Renal tubule ; Sulfate transport ; Na+ coupled transport ; Thiosulfate ; Molybdate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Using the standing droplet technique in the proximal convolution and simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular capillaries, the decrease in luminal sulfate concentration with time and the zero net flux transtubular concentration difference of sulfate ( $$\Delta c_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } $$ ) at 45 s was determined — the latter being taken as a measure of the rate of active sulfate reabsorption. Starting with 0.5 mmol/l sulfate in both perfusates the $$\Delta c_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } $$ value of 0.35 mmol/l was approached exponentially with a half value time of 4.3 s. The $$\Delta c_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } $$ values in the early proximal and late proximal convolution did not deviate from each other. If the Na+ concentration in the perfusates was reduced, the $$\Delta c_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } $$ approached zero and extrapolated to a slightly negative value (c i〉c o). When 1 mmol/l ouabain was added to the perfusates $$\Delta c_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } $$ decreased by 66% (the latter experiments were performed in the golden hamster which is more sensitive to ouabain than the rat). 1 mmol/l thiosulfate diminished $$\Delta c_{{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}^{{\text{2 - }}} } $$ by 68% and 1 mmol/l molybdate by 24%. Omitting or replacing bicarbonate by HEPES or glycodiazine reduced the sulfate reabsorption significantly, while acetazolamide (0.1 mmol/l) and increasing the CO2-pressure from 4.66 to 14.0 kPa (i.e. 5–15% CO2) had no effect. SITS 1 mmol/l had no effect on sulfate reabsorption. The data indicate that the sulfate reabsorption is driven by a Na+ gradient and inhibited by thiosulfate and molybdate, i.e. molecules which have a similar tetrahedral molecule structure. The sulfate reabsorption depends in an undefined manner on the presence of bicarbonate ions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581877
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bidirectional active transport of thiosulfate in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney (1980)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 387 (1980), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Renal tubule ; Thiosulfate transport ; Na+ coupled transport ; Sulfate transport ; Paraaminohippurate transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Using the standing droplet method in the late proximal convolution and simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular capillaries, the zero net flux transtubular concentration difference of thiosulfate at 45 s was determined, the latter being taken as a measure of active thiosulfate transport. Under control conditions, in the presence of Na+, near zero Δc values were observed. When 1 mmol/l carinamide or paraaminohippurate (PAH) were added to the perfusates significant reabsorptive Δc arose. However, when 7.5 mmol/l sulfate was added to the Na+-free secretory Δc values were observed. Tested under Na+-free conditions, the secretory Δc was not influenced by simultaneously present 5 mmol/l of SO 4 2− but was diminished by 50 mmol/l SO 4 2− . PAH (1 mmol/l), carinamide (0.2 mmol/l) and probenecid (1 mmol/l) decreased the secretory Δc by 48, 65 and 48%, respectively. The PAH secretion was not influenced, when thiosulfate or sulfate up to 50 mmol/l was added to both perfusates. Under Na+-free conditions the Δc of thiosulfate in early loops of the proximal convolution is higher than in late loops, while for PAH this pattern is reversed. Taken together with the previously published inhibition of sulfate reabsorption by thiosulfate the data indicate 1. thiosulfate is reabsorved by the Na+-dependent sulfate transport system and 2. thiosulfate is simultaneously secreted by a carinamide-, probenecid-and PAH-sensitive secretory system. The secretory system might also be shared by sulfate. The thiosulfate net flux is the result of the difference in the activity of the counteracting transporters, located at the luminal and contraluminal cell side. Is is possible that the higher activity of the transporter at one cell side leads to a reversal of the flux through the transporter at the other cell side.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584263
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phosphate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney (1978)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 377 (1978), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Extracellular pH ; Intracellular pH ; Acetazolamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport was evaluated using the standing droplet method with simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular capillaries. To evaluate rather small differences in Pi transport and to eliminate the influence of tubular heterogeneity, the technique of crossed paired samples was applied. 1. In chronic PTX rat changing the luminal or both luminal and peritubular pH by varying the HCO 3 − -concentration between 4 and 50 mmol/l at constant 5% CO2 had no influence on Pi transport. 2. If, however, bicarbonate was omitted from the perfusate and 2 mmol/l phosphate (pH 7.4) was the only buffer, Pi transport was decreased from the control. It was, however, further reduced when the perfusates were gased with 5% CO2 i. e. the starting pH was 5.6. 3. When the solutions contained HEPES buffer (25 mmol/l), Pi transport at pH 8 was much larger than at pH 6.0. 4. Raising the CO2 pressure from 35 to 70 mm Hg did not change the Pi transport when both perfusates had a HCO 3 − -concentration of 25 mmol/l. It reduced, however, the Pi transport, when the luminal perfusate had only 4 mmol/l bicarbonate. 5. Lowering the CO2 pressure from 38 to 7.6 mm Hg did hardly change the Pi transport when the luminal perfusate contained 4 mmol/l bicarbonate. It lowered, however, the Pi transport significantly when the luminal perfusate had 25 mmol/l bicarbonate. 6. Acetazolamide, 10−4 M, lowered the Pi transport when the luminal perfusate contained 4 or 25 mmol/l bicarbonate. At 4 mmol/l luminal HCO 3 − , raising thepCO2 to 228 mmol/l depressed Pi transport even more. At 25 mmol/l luminal bicarbonate, raising thepCO2 from 38 to 114 mm Hg reversed the acetazolamide inhibition of the Pi transport almost completely. The data indicate that luminal acidosis and intracellular alkalosis inhibits the transtubular Pi transport. A shift of the intracellular pH to a more alkaline value seems to be responsible for the inhibition of Pi transport by acetazolamide, while omission of buffer from the perfusate inhibits Pi transport by effecting an acidic luminal pH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584371
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reabsorption of monocarboxylic acids in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney (1982)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 395 (1982), S. 212-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): SITS ; Probenecid ; Phloretin ; Acetazolamide ; Lactate ; Renal tubule
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The transport ofd-lactate across the epithelium of the late proximal convolution was investigated by two methods: 1. by measuring the zero net flux transtubular concentration difference (Δc tt,45s) and the permeability (P) ofd-lactate and calculating from both the transtubular active transport rate (J lac act ). 2. By measuring the 3.5 s efflux ofd-lactate from the tubular lumen, while blood was flowing through the capillaries. The 3.5 s efflux comprises two components, one going through the brush border (J lac bb ) and one going the paracellular pathway (J lac paracell =P lac·c lac lumen). Both,J lac act andJ lac bb ofd-lactate gave the sameK m 1.9 and 1.7 mmol/l and the same maximal transport rate 3.2 and 2.9 pmol cm−1 s−1. TheK i ofl-lactate tested againstJ lac act andJ lac bb ofd-lactate was also the same: 1.1 and 1.0 mmol/l. These data indicate that under our experimental conditions only the flux through the brush border seems to be rate limiting and thatd-lactate uses the same transport system asl-lactate. When Na+ was omitted from the perfusatesJ lac act disappeared completely, whileJ lac bb was reduced by 64%. These data reflect the Na+ dependence of thed-lactate transport through the brush border. Variation of intra-and extracellular pH by raisingpCO2, omitting HCO 3 − from the perfusates or adding acetazolamide had no effect on the transport ofd-lactate when α-ketoglutarate was used as fuel. However, when acetate was used as fuel, intracellular acidosis brought the reducedJ lac act back to the values obtained with α-ketoglutarate as fuel. It is suggested that this is an effect on a contraluminal transport step. Probenecid (5 mmol/l) and phloretin (0.25 mmol/l) inhibitedJ lac act significantly.J lac bb , however, was only inhibited by probenecid when acetate was used as fuel. These data indicate that both compounds act on thed-lactate exit at the contraluminal cell side, but that probenecid acts in addition at the luminal cell side. SITS (1 mmol/l) augmentedJ lac bb when acetate was used as fuel and is similar to the effect of lowering intracellular pH as described above. The SH reagents mersalyl (1.0 mmol/l) and maleolylglycine (1 mmol/l) did not influenceJ lac bb .
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584812
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Contraluminal para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney (1988)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 413 (1988), S. 134-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Organic anion transport ; Sulfate transport ; Dicarboxylate transport ; Phenolate transport ; Salicylate transport ; Cinnamate transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In order to study the specificities of the contraluminal anion transport systems, the inhibitory potency of substituted benzene analogs on influx of [3H]PAH, [14C]succinate, and [35S]sulfate from the interstitium into cortical tubular cells has been determined in situ: (1) Contraluminal [3H]PAH influx is moderately inhibited by benzene-carboxylate and benzene-sulfonate, and strongly by benzene-dicarboxylates,-disulfonates and carboxy-benzene-sulfonates, if the substituents are located at positions 1 and 3 or 1 and 4. The affinity of the PAH transporter to polysubstituted benzoates increases with increasing hydrophobicity, decreasing electron density at the carboxyl group and decreasing pKa. Similar dependencies are observed for phenols. Benzaldehydes which do not carry an ionic negative charge are accepted by the PAH-transporter, if they possess a second partially charged aldehyde or NO2-group. (2) Contraluminal [14C]succinate influx is inhibited by benzene 1,3- or 1,4-dicarboxylates,-disulfonates and 1,3-or 1,4-carboxybenzene-sulfonates. Monosubstituted benzoates do not interact with the dicarboxylate transporter, but NO2-polysubstituted benzoates do. Phenol itself and 2-substituted phenol interact weakly possibly due to oligomer formation. (3) The contraluminal sulfate transporter interacts only with compounds which show a negative group accumulation such as 3,5-dinitro- or 3,5-dichloro-substituted salicylates. The data are consistent with three separate anion transport systems in the contraluminal membrane: The PAH transporter interacts with hydrophobic molecules carrying one or two negative charges (−COO−, −SO 3 − ) or two or more than two partial negative charges (−OH, −CHO, −SO2NH2, −NO2). The dicarboxylate transporter requires two electronegative ionic charges (−COO−, −SO 3 − ) at 5–9 Å distance or one ionic and several partial charges (−Cl, −NO2) at a favourable distance. The sulfate transporter interacts with molecules which have neighbouring electronegative charge accumulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582523
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phosphate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney (1978)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 375 (1978), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Paracellular shunt ; Calcium ; Ca2+ ionophore A 23187
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Proximal inorganic phosphate (P i ) transport was evaluated using the standing droplet method with simultaneous microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries. In chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats addition of 3 μM of the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 to the luminal perfusate had no effect on the P i transport, although the isotonic fluid reabsorption was reduced by 20%. When the Ca2+ concentration in the perfusates was raised from 1.5 mM to 3.0 mM the reabsorption did not change significantly. But when Ca2+ was omitted from the perfusates the P i reabsorption dropped by 19%, and when 2 mM EDTA were added to the perfusates P i transport decreased by 35%. The influx of P i from the interstitial space and from the cell into the phosphate-free luminal perfusate did not change, when the perfusates were Ca2+-free, but it increased by 23% in the presence of 2 mM EDTA. The data indicate that 1. a rise in intracellular Ca2+ above normal is not a factor which modifies “basal” P i transport i.e. when P i transport is independent of the action of parathyroid hormone. 2. A reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration from normal toward zero reduces P i transport without changing the paracellular leak permeability for P i . 3. With EDTA the paracellular leak permeability for P i is increased, thus causing an even greater reduction in net P i transport than with Ca2+-free solutions alone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584153
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phosphate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney (1977)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 372 (1977), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; Parathyroidectomy ; Parathyroid hormone ; Phosphate diet
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The standing droplet method was applied in combination with microperfusion of the peritubular blood capillaries to determine the build up of transtubular concentration differences of phosphate (Pi) in proximal convoluted tubules. As revealed in experiments with chronic parathyroidectomized (PTX) rats, the time dependent decrease of the intraluminal Pi concentration, or increase of transtubular Pi concentration difference ( $$\Delta {\text{c}}_{{\text{P}}_i }$$ ), changes along the proximal convolution in a ratio 4:2:1 in the first quarter: second plus third quarter: fourth quarter. In acute (〉2 h) PTX rats $$\Delta {\text{c}}_{{\text{P}}_i }$$ decreased by 31% in the first and by 41% in the fourth quarter of the convolution when parathyroid hormone (PTH; 5 U initially and 12 U/h continuously) was infused. In chronic (〉2 days) PTX rats the correspondent values of 17% and 29% were significantly smaller. When the rats were kept for 7–11 weeks on a low phosphate diet (〈0,15% P in the dry matter) their Pi transport was in the range of that of the PTX rats. PTH infusion, however, diminished the P i reabsorption rate in the fourth quarter of the convolution only, but not that in the early parts of the convolution. On the contrary, rats kept for the same time on a high phosphate diet (2%) showed all along the proximal convolution one by one third of the phosphate transport rate of animals on a low phosphate diet. Acute parathyroidectomy of the high P diet rats led to 51% increase in P i transport. The data show that 1. the phosphate transport decreases as a function of proximal convolution length, 2. PTH exerts a considerable inhibitory effect on P i transport only in acute PTX rats, while the effect in chronic PTX rats is rather small, 3. the P content of the diet inversely correlates with the P i transport. 4. further with low P diet the PTH inhibits P i transport in late, but not in early segments of the proximal convolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063862
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    pH dependence of phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule of rat kidney (1975)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 360 (1975), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Renal tubule ; Phosphate transport ; pH dependence ; Micropuncture ; Microperfusion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Early loops of the proximal convoluted tubule of parathyroidectomized rats (PTX-rats) were microperfused with a phosphate (4 mM) containing perfusate. With a perfusion solution of pH around 7.45 as estimated as anion deficit theP i reabsorption was two times greater than with a perfusion solution of pH around 6.85. TheP i reabsorption is reduced in PTX-rats made chronic alkalotic (PTX-cA-rats) but the same pH dependence ofP i reabsorption was found. The data indicate that the divalent phosphate is preferentially reabsorbed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00580540
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Contraluminal para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney (1987)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 409 (1987), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Oxoglutarate ; Lactate ; Pyruvate ; Nitrate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In order to study the characteristics of contraluminal para-aminohippurate transport into proximal tubular cells the stopped flow capillary perfusion method was applied. The disappearance of3H-paraaminohippurate from the capillary perfusate at different concentrations and contact times was measured and saturation type behaviour was found with aK m of 0.08±0.01 (SE) mmol/l,J max of 1.1±0.1 pmol·s−1·cm−1 andr, the final extracellular/intracellular distribution ratio of 0.93±0.03. Omission of Na+ from the capillary test perfusate caused a small reduction of contraluminal PAH uptake at small transport rates (0.1 mmol/l PAH in the test perfusate) but not at high transport rates (1.0 mmol/l PAH in the test perfusate). Change of K+ between 0 and 40 mmol/l and pH between 6.0 and 8.0 did not influence contraluminal PAH uptake. Isotonic replacement of chloride by gluconate, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, methanesulfonate or increase in bicarbonate to 50 mmol/l did not influence PAH uptake at small transport rates. But isotonic sulfate and phosphate, as well as 50 mmol/l HCO 3 − and 25 mmol/l Hepes in isotonic solutions reduced PAH uptake at high transport rates. Addition of 5 mmol/l Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Cd2+ to isotonic Na+-gluconate solution did not influence PAH uptake except for Mg2+ and Mn2+ which inhibited uptake at small transport rates only. Preperfusion of the peritubular capillaries with rat serum, Na+ gluconate (Ca2+-+Mg2+-free), Na+ gluconate (Ca2+-+Mg2+-free) plus 10 mmol/l lactate or pyruvate or 0.1 mmol/l 2-oxoglutarate did not influence PAH uptake at small PAH transport rates, but inhibited at high transport rates. Preperfusion of the capillaries for 10 s with Na+-, Ca2+- and Mg2+-free solutions reduced PAH uptake in the presence of Na+ at both transport rates. A second 10 s preperfusion — after the first 10 s Na+-, Ca2+-, Mg2+-free preperfusion — with serum or solutions which contained Na+ and Ca2+ or Mg2+ restored the PAH fluxes to control values. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that contraluminal PAH uptake occurs by a saturable transport mechanism in exchange for other intracellular anions rather than in cotransport with Na+ ions. It was, however, not possible to identify the type of counteranions involved. The large effect of cation replacement on para-aminohippurate transport, which was reported in many previous studies with kidney slices, is not a direct effect on the para-aminohippurate transporter, but is rather caused indirectly via cell metabolism and/or changed ion gradients.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583470
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Contraluminal para-aminohippurate transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney (1987)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 409 (1987), S. 547-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Dicarboxylate transport ; Sulfate transport ; Benzoyl compounds ; Phenoxy compounds ; Valproate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In order to study the specificity of the contraluminal para-aminohippurate (PAH) transport system, the inhibitory potency of monocarboxylates on the3H-PAH influx from the interstitium into cortical tubular cells in situ has been determined. The following was found: if a homologous series of fatty acids with increasing chain length is tested, inhibition of contraluminal PAH influx is first seen with valerate (app.K i 1.4 mmol/l), increasing up to nonanoate (app.K i 0.06 mmol/l) and remaining in this range up to duodecanoate, the last compound of this series which is sufficiently water-soluble. Similarly, the inhibitory potency of aromatic monocarboxylates increases with increasing hydrophobicity. If the fatty acids are esterified, their inhibitory potency is lost. If they are transformed to the respective aldehydes their inhibitory potency is preserved at a reduced degree. Introduction of a hydrophobic methyl-, ethyl-, or propyl-group increases the inhibitory potency. A β-, but not an α-oxo-group augments the inhibitory potency of phenylpropionate analogs, an OH group diminishes it, and a NH2 group abolishes it. Among phenyl-fatty acids an increase in affinity is observed from phenyl- 〈 benzoylamine-〈 phenoxy- 〈 benzoyl-acetate and-propionate. All monocarboxylate compounds, so far tested, do not inhibit contraluminal sulfate and Na+/succinate influx. The data indicate that the PAH transporter interacts with monocarboxylates and also with aldehydes which have a hydrophobic moiety. An additional oxo-group facilitates the interaction. Thus, the benzoyl compounds show the highest affinity observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584652
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