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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Euphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) utilization of iridoid glycosides fromCastilleja andBesseya (Scrophulariaceae) host plants (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1459-1468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Besseya plantaginea ; Besseya alpina ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; macfadienoside ; sequestration ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory ; ecological chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Iridoid glycosides were found to be sequestered by natural populations ofEuphydryas anicia after ingestion from the host plantsBesseya alpina, B. plantaginea, andCastilleja integra. Both major iridoids ofB. alpina, cataipol and aucubin, were found in butterfly populations where this was the only host plant. The catalpol-aucubin ratio was higher in the butterflies than in the host plant. AnE. anicia population which uses bothB. plantaginea andC. integra as host plants was found to sequester cataipol as well as another iridoid, macfadienoside. Macfadienoside was the major iridoid ofC. integra, while catalpol esters were the major iridoids ofB. plantaginea. Although it was a major sequestered iridoid, catalpol was a minor constituent in both host plants. The macfadienoside-catalpol ratio in the butterflies from this population was highly variable, and there appeared to be both sex and individual variation in host plant and/or iridoid glucoside utilization byE. anicia. Although other iridoids were present in the host plants, none was sequestered in more than trace amounts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012364
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quinolizidine alkaloids obtained byPedicularis semibarbata (Scrophulariaceae) fromLupinus fulcratus (Leguminosae) fail to influence the specialist herbivoreEuphydryas editha (Lepidoptera) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2521-2530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pedicularis semibarbata ; Scrophulariaceae ; Lupinus fulcratus ; Fabaceae ; Euphydryas editha ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; herbivory ; quinolizidine alkaloids ; isolupanine ; oviposition ; parasitic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pedicularis semibarbata is apparently an obligate hemiparasite of coniferous trees. It is also a facultative parasite ofLupinus fulcratus from which we find that it obtains quinolizidine alkaloids, principally α-isolupanine. As a result, a single population ofP. semibarbata contains both alkaloidrich and alkaloid-free plants. The butterflyEuphydryas editha naturally oviposits on both plant types. This butterfly population, which is the principal herbivore attackingP. semibarbata at this site, is known to contain two morphs. Individuals of a specialist morph discriminate when ovipositing among individualP. semibarbata plants and produce offspring that survive better on accepted than on rejected plants. Those of a generalist morph accept allP. semibarbata plants and produce offspring that survive equally well on plants accepted or rejected by the discriminating morph. Because of the existence of this complex variation among the butterflies, the presence of naturally laid eggs on alkaloid-containing plants still leaves the possibility that the alkaloids may defend the plants against the specialist morph. In experiments on both oviposition preference and larval performance in early instars, we failed to detect any correlation between alkaloid content of a plant and either its acceptability to or suitability for the discriminating morph of the insect. Alkaloid presence in the host-plant population, achieved through root parasitism, is currently neither subject to strong insect-mediated selection nor a major cause of selection on the insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014728
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host plant utilization and iridoid glycoside sequestration byEuphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2147-2168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Besseya plantaginea ; Besseya alpina ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; metabolism ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The iridoid glycoside content of individual adultEuphydryas anicia butterflies from two Colorado populations was quantitatively determined. At one site (Red Hill), larval host plants wereCastilleja integra andBesseya plantaginea, while at the other site (Cumberland Pass) a single host plant,B. alpina, was used. At Red Hill, macfadienoside and catalpol were sequestered, while at Cumberland Pass, catalpol and aucubin were sequestered. Artificial diet studies showed that larvae hydrolyzed a major iridoid ofB. plantaginea, 6-isovanilIylcatalpol, to catalpol (which was sequestered) and isovanillic acid (which was excreted). Large year-to-year and individual variation in butterfly iridoid content was established as was a female-male difference in macfadienoside vs. catalpol content. Larval host plant distributions and numbers were determined at Red Hill for two years and compared with changes in butterfly populations and sequestered iridoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014022
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iridoid glycoside metabolism and sequestration byPoladryas minuta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onPenstemon virgatus (Scrophulariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1495-1506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Poladryas minuta ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; checkerspot ; Penstemon virgatus ; Penstemon secundiflorus ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; sequestration ; metabolism ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A bivoltine checkerspot butterfly,Poladryas minuta, is aPenstemon specialist, not known to utilize any other plant genus for oviposition and larval feeding. At several intermontane plains sites of central Colorado, the butterfly utilizesPenstemon virgatus as its sole host plant. Analysis of the host plant showed it to contain three cinnamyl-type catalpol esters (scutellarioside-II, globularin, globularicisin) and catalpol. The host plant contained an average of 10% dry weight iridoids, but some variation among individual plants and leaves within plants was noted. Field-collected butterflies contained 2.1–8.7% dry weight catalpol, but no other iridoids. Adults from larvae fedP. virgatus in the lab contained 4.2–9.0% dry weight catalpol and excreted large amounts of catalpol in the meconium. No catalpol was found in the larval frass. Larvae did not consume three alternate iridoid-containing host-plant species, and most eventually died rather than feed on the alternate plants. Larvae did consume small amounts of artificial diets containing the alternate species andP. virgatus, but most went into diapause and some died. Survival was good on artificial diet containing 10% dry weight of the iridoid esters fromP. virgatus. Only catalpol was found in pupae and adults, but it was absent from the larval frass. The cinnamic-type acids expected from larval hydrolysis of the esters were not found in larval frass, pupae, or adults. These results are contrasted with those found for another checkerspot,Euphydryas anicia, which consumes a different host-plant species but was present at one of the same sites withPoladryas minuta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014084
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1731-1738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ilex opaca ; Aquifoliaceae ; Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; saponins ; siaresinolic acid ; qualitative plant defenses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A greater variety of qualitative chemical defenses has been reported in eastern forest trees than might be expected from current interpretation of the plant apparency theory. For the gypsy moth there is an association between the occurrence of alkaloids and unfavorability of certain tree species, as well as the presence of saponins. The latter association, however, is not statistically significant. Species in the genusIlex have been reported to contain both alkaloids and saponins (Barbosa and Krischick, 1987). In this study, determinations were made of the occurrence of alkaloids and saponins inI. opaca and their changes in concentration over time. No alkaloids were detected. Saponins were isolated, and the aglycone siaresinolic acid was identified. Saponin concentration changes seasonally, being highest in early May and lowest in early June leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1719-1730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Liriodendron tulipifera ; Acer rubrum ; Cornus florida ; gypsy moth ; alkaloids ; N-methyl-crotsparine ; 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxy)propane ; bisphenylpropanoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Early theories on plant chemical defense against herbivory emphasized that apparent and unapparent plants were primarily defended by different types of compounds. More and more evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative defenses are found in apparent plants and that they can play a defensive role against herbivores. A survey of the literature on the gypsy moth suggests not only that there is a large variety of qualitative compounds, as well as the expected quantitative ones, but that unfavored hosts of the gypsy moth are associated with the presence of alkaloids. Foliage of three tree species,Liriodendron tulipifera L.,Acer rubrum L., andCornus florida L., was examined to confirm the presence of alkaloids and other major secondary metabolites. The known sesquiterpene lactone, lipiferolide, and the sugar derivative, liriodendritol, were components ofL. tulipifera leaves, along with a bisphenylpropanoid previously found only in nutmeg. Alkaloid content [i.e., (−)-N-methylcrotsparine content] was low and leaves tested positive for HCN. Leaves ofA. rubrum L. were examined for the presence of gramme, but none could be detected. No alkaloids were detected inCornus florida.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014103
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iridoid glycoside sequestration by two aposematicPenstemon-feeding geometrid larvae (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 435-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Meris alticola ; Neoterpes graefiaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Penstemon virgatus ; Penstemon barbatus ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; Müllerian mimicry ; sequestration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The iridoid glycoside catalpol was found to be sequestered by larvae ofMeris alticola feeding onPenstemon virgatus and by larvae ofNeoterpes graefiaria which utilizeP. barbatus. The strikingly similar larval patterns of these two ennomine geometrids were previously considered to be disruptive, but predator-based Mullerian mimicry is equally likely to be involved. The cryptic adult moths generally contain only small amounts of catalpol, having left most of the bitter iridoid in the pupal case and in the meconium excreted after eclosion. OneNeoterpes female did contain considerable catalpol in the abdomen, presumably in the eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013895
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iridoid glycoside content ofEuphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and its major hostplant,Besseya plantaginea (Scrophulariaceae), at a high plains colorado site (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Besseya plantaginea ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The checkerspot butterfly,Euphydryas anicia, utilizes mainlyBesseya plantaginea and only occasionallyCastilleja integra as a larval hostplant at Michigan Hill, a few kilometers from a site whereC. integra is used by over 90% of the butterflies. TheB. plantaginea leaves that are consumed contain 9–22% iridoid glycosides, composed mainly of catalpol and catalpol esters, while larvae from the same plants contain 6–18% iridoids, mainly catalpol and no esters. Field-collected adult butterflies contain 0.5–4.3% iridoids. Laboratory-reared adults secrete iridoids in the meconium upon eclosion and retain similar amounts. The adult and meconium iridoid content is considerably lower than in the larvae, and metabolism in the pupal stage may be occurring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021278
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Processing of iridoid glycoside antirrinoside fromMaurandya antirrhiniflora (Scrophulariaceae) byMeris paradoxa (Geometridae) andLepipolys species (Noctuidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1123-1133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Meris paradoxa ; Lepipolys perscripta ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; Maurandya antirrhiniflora ; Antirrhinum majus ; Scrophulariaceae ; antirrinoside ; iridoid glycosides ; herbivory ; sequestration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The iridoid glycoside antirrinoside was found to be sequestered by highly aposematic larvae of the geometrid mothMeris paradoxa and two noctuid mothLepipolys species feeding onMaurandya antirrhiniflora (Scrophulariaceae), a natural food plant from southern Arizona. The antirrinoside content of leaves and petioles being consumed, eariy-instar larvae, late-instar larvae, larval frass, regurgitant, reflex-bleeding emission (Meris paradoxa), cocoons, pupae, meconium emitted upon eclosion, and adult moths was determined. Larvae, other than the earliest instars, did not excrete antirrinoside in the frass, but sequestered it in amounts of 3–11 % of the dry weight. Small amounts of antirrinoside remained in various pupal or cocoon parts and some was emitted in the meconium upon eclosion. The total antirrinoside accounted for was, however, considerably below that expected based upon the remarkably high 20% content of the leaves and petioles being consumed. The adult cryptic moths of both species contained little or no antirrinoside. This is the first report of a natural food plant and larval stages forM. paradoxa and a previously undescribedLepipolys species. It is also the first report of antirrinoside sequestration and utilization by insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402938
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iridoid glycoside sequestration byThessalia leanira (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onCastilleja integra (Scrophulariaceae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1155-1166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Thessalia leanira fulvia ; Chlosyne leanira fulvia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A small population of a polyvoltine checkerspot butterfly,Thessalia leanira fulvia (also known asChlosyne leanira ssp.fulvia), was found to useCastilleja integra as a larval food plant at a localized site (Burnt Mill) southwest of Pueblo, Colorado. Field-captured adult butterflies contained the major iridoid glycosides (catalpol and macfadienoside) of theCastilleja. The content of a third iridoid glycoside, methyl shanzhiside, was also relatively high in the collected butterflies even though most individualCastilleja plants at Burnt Mill contained little or no methyl shanzhiside. Only a few plants, restricted to a small area, did contain appreciable methyl shanzhiside. Most of the plants that lacked the ester methyl shanzhiside contained shanzhiside, the corresponding free carboxylic acid.Thessalia larvae did not normally methylate the acid to produce methyl shanzhiside. Larvae that stopped feeding at an early instar, but yet survived several weeks, did contain major amounts of methyl shanzhiside. It is suggested that only larvae that overwinter or otherwise enter diapause convert shanzhiside to methyl shanzhiside. TheCastilleja food plant also contained iridoids other than catalpol and macfadienoside, sometimes in major amounts, but these were never found in larvae, pupae, or butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987377
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