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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ; extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung (ECMO) ; Überlebensraten ; Beatmung ; PEEP ; permissive Hyperkapnie ; Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) ; Key words Acute respiratory distress syndrome ; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ; Survival rates ; Mechanical ventilation ; PEEP ; Permissive hypercapnia ; Nitric oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is rare but beset with a high mortality rate. In recent years, however, a trend towards higher survival rates has been observed. High inspiratory oxygen concentrations, large tidal volumes, and high peak inspiratory airway pressures applied during mechanical ventilation have been identified as harmful to the lung and can contribute to the progression of ARDS. This had led to reconsideration of the sequelae of ventilatory therapy. Mechanical ventilation and other adjunctive strategies in ARDS have changed from the conventional approach aiming at normalisation of physiological ventilatory parameters to an elaborated approach that intends to protect the ventilated lung, prevent oxygen toxicity, recruit the infiltrated atelectatic and consolidated lung and reduce the anatomical and alveolar dead space. This new approach consists of various forms of pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation with PEEP and permissive hypercapnia, body position changes, and inhalation of nitric oxide. Should these procedures fail to improve impaired gas exchange, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an additional therapeutic option. None of these therapeutic procedures, however, has been tested against traditional standard treatment in a classical randomised controlled trial. The following review focuses on the latest insights into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of ARDS.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das akute Lungenversagen des Erwachsenen ist selten, aber auch heute noch mit einer sehr hohen Letalität belastet, wenngleich sich in den letzten Jahren ein Trend zu verbesserten Überlebensraten abzuzeichnen beginnt. Neuere Studien haben gezeigt, daß die bis vor kurzem noch in der Behandlung des ARDS angewendete Beatmungstherapie mit großen Atemzugvolumina, hohen Beatmungsdrücken und hohen inspiratorischen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen die erkrankte Lunge weiter schädigen kann. Diese Erkenntnisse haben zu einem Umdenken in der Behandlung geführt. Vorrangiges Ziel ist heute nicht mehr, die Wiederherstellung und Aufrechterhaltung physiologischer Normwerte für Sauerstoff- und Kohlendioxidpartialdrücke sowie arteriellen pH zu erreichen, sondern die Lunge vor beatmungsinduzierten Schäden zu schützen. Hierzu hat sich ein erweitertes Behandlungskonzept, bestehend aus verschiedenen Formen der drucklimitierten Beatmung mit PEEP und permissiver Hyperkapnie, Lagerungsmaßnahmen, Inhalation von Stickstoffmonoxid und – zumindest in Europa – extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung als erfolgreich erwiesen, ohne daß die Effizienz jeder einzelnen Methode in kontrollierten randomisierten Studien bewiesen worden wäre. In dem vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel werden die neuesten Entwicklungen aufgezeigt, diskutiert und im Hinblick auf ihre klinische Effizienz bewertet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) ; Mechanical ventilation ; Survival rates ; Clinical algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: We investigated whether a treatment according to a clinical algorithm could improve the low survival rates in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Design: Uncontrolled prospective trial. Setting: One university hospital intensive care department. Patients and participants: 122 patients with ARDS, consecutively admitted to the ICU. Interventions: ARDS was treated according to a criteria-defined clinical algorithm. The algorithm distinguished two main treatment groups: The AT-sine-ECMO (advanced treatment without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) group (n = 73) received a treatment consisting of a set of advanced non-invasive treatment options, the ECMO treatment group (n = 49) received additional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) using heparin-coated systems. Measurements and results: The groups differed in both APACHE II (16 ± 5 vs 18 ± 5 points, p = 0.01) and Murray scores (3.2 ± 0.3 vs 3.4 ± 0.3 points, p = 0.0001), the duration of mechanical ventilation prior to admission (10 ± 9 vs 13 ± 9 days, p = 0.0151), and length of ICU stay in Berlin (31 ± 17 vs 50 ± 36 days, p = 0.0016). Initial PaO2/FIO2 was 86 ± 27 mm Hg in AT-sine-ECMO patients that improved to 165 ± 107 mm Hg on ICU day 1, while ECMO patients showed an initial PaO2/FIO2 of 67 ± 28 mm Hg and improvement to 160 ± 102 mm Hg was not reached until ICU day 13. Q˙S/Q˙T was significantly higher in the ECMO-treated group and exceeded 50 % during the first 14 ICU days. The overall survival rate in our 122 ARDS patients was 75 %. Survival rates were 89 % in the AT-sine ECMO group and 55 % in the ECMO treatment group (p = 0.0000). Conclusions: We conclude that patients with ARDS can be successfully treated with the clinical algorithm and high survival rates can be achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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