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  • Mitotic apparatus  (5)
  • Microsporogenesis  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear cytoplasmic domains, microtubules and organelles in microsporocytes of the slipper orchid Cypripedium californicum A. Gray dividing by simultaneous cytokinesis (1996)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 9 (1996), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Cytokinesis ; Microtubules ; Microsporogenesis ; Orchids ; Phragmoplast ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microsporocytes of the slipper orchidCypripedium californicum A. Gray divide simultaneously after second meiosis. The organization and apportionment of the cytoplasm throughout meiosis are functions of nuclear-based radial microtubule systems (RMSs) that define domains of cytoplasm - a single sporocyte domain before meiosis, dyad domains within the undivided cytoplasm after first meiosis, and four spore domains after second meiosis. Organelles migrate to the interface of dyad domains in the undivided cytoplasm after first meiotic division, and second meiotic division takes place simultaneously on both sides of the equatorial organelle band. Microtubules emanating from the telophase II nuclei interact to form columnar arrrays that interconnect all four nuclei, non-sister as well as sister. Cell plates are initiated in these columns of microtubules and expand centrifugally along the interface of opposing RMSs, coalescing in the center of the sporocyte and joining with the original sporocyte wall at the periphery to form the tetrad of microspores. Organelles are distributed into the spore domains in conjunction with RMSs. These data, demonstrating that cytokinesis in microsporogenesis can occur in the absence of both components of the typical cytokinetic apparatus (the preprophase band of microtubules which predicts the division site and the phragmoplast which controls cell-plate deposition), suggest that plant nuclei have an inherent ability to establish a domain of cytoplasm via radial microtubule systems and to regulate wall deposition independently of the more complex cytokinetic apparatus of vegetative cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02221394
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphogenetic plastid migration and microtubule organization during megasporogenesis inIsoetes (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 136-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Isoetes ; Megasporogenesis ; Monoplastidy ; Meiosis ; Microtubules ; Mitotic apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The large megasporocytes ofIsoetes provide an exceptional system for studying microtubule dynamics in monoplastidic meiosis where plastid polarity assures coordination of plastid and nuclear division by the intimate association of MTOCs with plastids. Division and migration of the plastid in prophase establishes the tetrahedrally arranged cytoplasmic domains of the future spore tetrad and the four plastid-MTOCs serve as focal points of a unique quadripolar microtubule system (QMS). The QMS is a dynamic structure which functions in plastid deployment and contributes directly to development of both first and second division spindles. The nucleation of microtubules at discrete plastid-MTOCs is compared with centrosomal nucleation of microtubules in animal cells where growth of microtubules involves dynamic instability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323073
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plastid polarity and meiotic spindle development in microsporogenesis ofSelaginella (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 161 (1991), S. 168-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Microsporogenesis ; Microtubules ; Mitotic apparatus ; Plastid polarity ; Selaginella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microsporogenesis inSelaginella was studied by fluorescence light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. As in other examples of monoplastidic meiosis the plastids are involved in determination of division polarity and organization of microtubules. However, there are important differences: (1) the meiotic spindle develops from a unique prophase microtubule system associated with two plastids rather than from a typical quadripolar microtubule system associated with four plastids; (2) the division axes for first and second meiotic division are established sequentially, whereas as in all other cases the poles of second division are established before those of first division; and (3) the plastids remain in close contact with the nucleus throughout meiotic prophase and provide clues to the early determination of spindle orientation. In early prophase the single plastid divides in the plane of the future division and the two daughter plastids rotate apart until they lie on opposite sides of the nucleus. The procytokinetic plate (PCP) forms in association with the two slender plastids; it consists of two spindle-shaped microtubule arrays focused on the plastid tips with a plate of vesicles at the equatorial region and a picket row of microtubules around one side of the nucleus. Second plastid division occurs just before metaphase and the daughter plastids remain together at the spindle poles during first meiotic division. The meiotic spindle develops from merger of the component arrays of the PCP and additional microtubules emanating from the pair of plastid tips located at the poles. After inframeiotic interphase the plastids migrate to tetrahedral arrangement where they serve as poles of second division.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322729
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Division polarity, development and configuration of microtubule arrays in Bryophyte meiosis (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 137 (1987), S. 84-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Microtubules ; Mitotic apparatus ; Immunofluorescence ; Spindle ; Bryophytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immunofluorescence and TEM studies of meiosis in two mosses (Bryophyta) provide evidence that the prophasic tetrahedral system of microtubules contributes directly to the metaphase I spindle. Intense staining of tubulin, conspicuously absent around the nuclear envelope, is first seen associated with plastids. By mid-prophase, microtubules radiate from the plastids to the nuclear envelope and become organized into six bands that interconnect the four plastids, forming a tetrahedral cytoskeleton surrounding the nucleus. During transition of prophase to metaphase, the four poles of the tetrahedral microtubule system converge in pairs toward opposite cleavage furrows. Opposite furrows occupy mutually perpendicular planes and the pair of microtubule focal points straddling one furrow lies at right angles to the pair straddling the opposite furrow. Additional microtubules terminate in numerous small clusters in the concave polar regions arching over the cleavage furrows. By early anaphase, the microtubule focal points lie very close to the division axis. We conclude that microtubules recruited from the prophasic quadripolar system are incorporated into the mature metaphase I spindle and the two principal focal points at each pole are those derived from poles of the prophasic quadripolar system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01281144
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preprophasic microtubule systems and development of the mitotic spindle in hornworts (Bryophyta) (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 143 (1988), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bryophytes ; Immunofluorescence ; Microtubules ; Mitotic apparatus ; Monoplastidy ; Preprophase band
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Studies of monoplastidic mitosis in hornworts (Bryophyta) using transmission electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence staining of microtubules have revealed that two mutually perpendicular microtubule systems predict division polarity in preprophase. Events of cytoplasmic reorganization in preparation for division occur in the following order: migration of the single plastid to a position perpendicular to the division site, constriction of the plastid where its midpoint intersects the division site, development of an axial system of microtubules parallel to the elongating plastid isthmus, and appearance of an atypical preprophase band of microtubules (PPB). The PPB is asymmetrical with a tight band of microtubules on the side over the plastid isthmus and a broad band of widely spaced microtubules over the nucleus. The axial system contributes directly to development of the spindle. In prometaphase, the axial system separates at the equator and additional microtubule bundles project from polar regions, creating two opposing halfspindles. The PPB is still present during asymmetrical organization of the spindle and microtubules extending from the broad portion of the PPB to poles appear to be incorporated into the developing spindle. Dynamic changes in the microtubular cytoskeleton demonstrate (1) intimate relationship of plastid and nuclear division, (2) contribution of preprophase/prophase microtubule systems to spindle development in monoplastidic cells, and (3) dynamic reorientation of microtubules from one system to another.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282954
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollen development in orchids (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 165 (1991), S. 155-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytokinesis ; F-actin ; Microsporogenesis ; Microtubules ; Orchids ; Phragmoplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytokinesis in microsporocytes of moth orchids is unusual in that it occurs simultaneously after meiosis, the cytoplasm does not infurrow in the division planes, and cell plates are deposited in association with centrifugal expansion of phragmoplasts. Microtubules radiating from the nuclear envelopes appear to be of fundamental importance in establishment of division planes. Primary interzonal spindles develop between sister nuclei and interaction of radial microtubules triggers development of secondary interzonal spindles between non-sister nuclei. From three to six or more phragmoplasts, depending upon the arrangement of nuclei in the coenocyte, develop from these postmeiotic arrays. The phragmoplasts consist of co-aligned microtubules and F-actin organized into bundles that are broad proximal to the mid-plane and taper distally. Ultrastructure of the phragmoplast/cell plate reveals that abundant ER is associated with vesicle aggregation and coalescence. Cell plates are deposited in association with phragmoplasts as they expand centrifugally to join the parental wall and/or fuse with one another in the interior of the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01322286
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollen development in orchids 1. Cytoskeleton and the control of division plane in irregular patterns of cytokinesis (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 163 (1991), S. 9-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Meiotic cytokinesis ; Microsporogenesis ; Microtubules ; Orchids ; Phragmoplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cytokinetic apparatus in microsporogenesis lacks a preprophase band of microtubules and the selection of cytokinetic planes is dependent upon disposition of nuclei which define cytoplasmic domains via post-meiotic radial systems of microtubules. Meiotic cytokinesis was investigated in hybrid moth orchids (Phalaenopsis) exhibiting irregular patterns of cytokinesis. In these polliniate orchids, spindle orientation is imprecise, and the tetrad nuclei (therefore the microspores) may be in rhomboidal, tetrahedral or linear arrangement. The hybrid “Sabine Queen” (section Phalaenopsis) regularly undergoes simultaneous cytokinesis, as is common in orchids. The hybrid “Vista Rainbow” (section Amboinenses) produces either a complete dyad wall, a partial wall, or no wall after first nuclear division. In all cases, a first division phragmoplast is initiated in the interzonal region and expands centrifugally into the peripheral cytoplasm. Fluorescence microscopy shows that the phragmoplast consists of fusiform bundles of microtubules and Factin bisected by a non-fluorescent zone. If a cell plate fails to form, a band of organelles polarized in the equatorial region effectively divides the cell into two domains. The organelles disperse when a dyad wall is complete, but tend to remain polarized around an incomplete wall. In four-nucleate coenocytes, the usual interzonal microtubules between sister nuclei (primary) form slightly in advance of secondary arrays between non-sister nuclei. Phragmoplasts are initiated in sites defined by the post-meiotic microtubule arrays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323402
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polar organizers mark division axis prior to preprophase band formation in mitosis of the hepaticReboulia hemisphaerica (Bryophyta) (1990)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 156 (1990), S. 74-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bryophytes ; Preprophase band ; Microtubules ; Mitotic apparatus ; Microtubule organizing center
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in the pattern of microtubules during the cell cycle of the hepaticReboulia hemisphaerica (Bryophyta) were studied by indirect immunofluorescence using conventional and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The first indication that a cell is preparing for division is fusiform shaping of the nucleus accompanied by the appearance of well-defined polar organizers (POs) at the future spindle poles. Microtubules emanating from the POs ensheath the nucleus and eventually develop into the half-spindles of mitosis. Some of the microtubules from each PO pass tangential to the nucleus and interact in the region of the future mitotic equator. A preprophase band (PPB) forms in this region later in prophase and coexists with the prophase spindle. Thus, the plane of division appears to be determined by interaction of opposing arrays of microtubules emanating from POs. Prometaphase is marked by disappearance of the POs, loss of astral microtubules, and conversion of the fusiform spindle of prophase to a truncated, barrel-shaped spindle more typical of higher plants. Restoration of cortical microtubules in daughter cell occurs on the cell side distal to the new cell plate, but nucleation of microtubules is associated with the nuclear envelope and not with organized POs. At the next division POs appear at opposite poles of preprophase nuclei with no evidence of division and migration that is characteristic of cells with centriolar centrosomes. These data lend additional support for the view that mitosis in hepatics is transitional between green algae and higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666508
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