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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous central nervous system remyelination in strain A mice after infection with the Daniel’s (DA) strain of Theiler’s virus (1996)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 91 (1996), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Demyelination ; Myelin repair ; Oligodendrocyte ; Multiple sclerosis ; Major ; histocompatibility complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intracerebral infection of susceptible SJL/J (H-2s) mice with the Daniel’s strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus produces chronic, progressive, inflammatory central nervous system demyelination, with minimal spontaneous remyelination. To assess the role of host genetic factors in spontaneous myelin repair following chronic infection with the Daniel’s strain of Theiler’s virus, we examined demyelination and spontaneous remyelination in strain A mice after infection with Theiler’s virus. We found that A.BY/SnJ (H-2b) mice were resistant to Theiler’s virus-induced demyelination, whereas A/J (H-2a), A/WySnJ (H-2a), and A.SW/SnJ (H-2s) mice all developed chronic demyelination with substantial spontaneous remyelination 90 days after infection. In the spinal cords of both A/J and A/WySnJ mice, one quarter of the total lesion area showed spontaneous remyelination, whereas in A.SW/SnJ mice, the extent of remyelination increased to two thirds of the total lesion area. The spontaneous remyelination seen in strain A mice was consistent with myelin repair by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, and occurred despite the presence of persistent virus antigen. These results indicate that host-pathogen interactions play an important role in myelin regeneration after virus-induced demyelination, and suggest that host genetic factors influence spontaneous remyelination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050467
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of disease activity in multiple sclerosis patients: A study with quantitative gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI and cytokine measurement in different clinical subgroups (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 243 (1996), S. 536-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Gadolinium ; Cytokines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study we assessed the subclinical disease activity in 45 patients with primary progressive, secondary progressive or relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The patients had gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI scans, which were analysed using a semiquantitative method both for lesion load and for degree of enhancement. At the same time cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples were collected and, from these, cytokine levels were measured in most cases by enzyme-linked immunoassay using commercially available kits. Enhancing lesions on MRI were found in 73% of the patients. The sensitivity of this test was greatly increased by our method of analysis as far as the primary progressive patients are concerned (70% vs 40% for conventional evaluation). CSF interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) levels were above the normal range in 22% and IL-6 levels in 13% of patients, while tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was undetectable or below the upper normal limits in all the samples tested. Serum IL-1 β was above the normal limits in 40%, IL-6 in 42% and TNF-α in 7% of patients. No significant differences in cytokine profiles were found between the clinical subgroups. This study confirms the high sensitivity of gadolinium-enhanced MRI in detecting MS activity, which was further increased by our method of analysis. Longitudinal studies performed with more sensitive immunological techniques are needed to define better the relationship between cytokine, clinical and MRI data in MS patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00886876
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cranial MRI in idiopathic retinal vasculitis (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 242 (1995), S. 174-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Retinal vasculitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Multiple sclerosis ; Optic neuritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten patients with clinically isolated idiopathic retinal vasculitis who had a positive family history for multiple sclerosis (MS) or positive typing for HLA B7 underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain and optic nerves in order to establish the frequency of clinically silent lesions. Brain MRI was normal in seven and abnormal in three: one had a single small white matter lesion, two had extensive white matter abnormalities resembling those seen in MS. In two patients a lesion was shown in the optic nerve. These findings suggest that a minority of patients with idiopathic retinal vasculitis have disseminated central nervous system lesions characteristic of MS, the frequency of such changes being less than in patients with isolated optic neuritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00936892
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Chiral Glycine Enolate Derivative from 1-Benzoyl-2-(tert-butyl)-3-methyl-1,3-imidazolidin-4-one is Alkylated in the 5-Position with Relative Topicity lk. Preliminary Communication (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 68 (1985), S. 949-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An overall enantioselective substitution of the R-group of an α-hydroxy- or α-amino acid 1 [R—CH(XH)COOH] by another R-group is possible through heterocycles 2 obtained from 1 with pivaladehyde (1 → 7). The rac- and the (S)-(+)-heterocycles 8 (title compounds of type 5) are prepared from glycine and O-benzyl-(S)-serine, respectively. Their enolates (cf. 9, type 6) are alkylated with iodomethane, iodobutane, 2-iodopropane, benzyl bromide, and acetone to give the trans-disubstituted imidazolidinones 10 with ≥ 95% diastereoselectivity. The configuration of the products is established by chemical correlation with alanine, phenylalanine, and valine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19850680418
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition of Chiral Glycine, Methionine, and Vinylglycine Enolate Derivatives to Aldehydes and Ketones in the Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure α-Amino-β-Hydroxy Acids (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 70 (1987), S. 237-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiral enolates of imidazolidinones and oxazolidinones from the title amino acids react with carbonyl compounds to afford the corresponding alcohols in excellent yields (see Scheme 5). Furthermore, the addition to aldehydes proceeds with high diastereoselectivity to give, after acid hydrolysis, threo-α-amino-β-hydroxy acids of high enantiomeric purity. Some of the threo-α-amino-β-hydroxy acids prepared in this work are the proteinogenic (S)-threonine (26), the naturally occurring (S)-3-phenylserine (28), and (S)-3-hydroxyleucine (27) as well as the unnatural (S)-4,4,4-trifluorothreonine (30) and (S)-3-(4-pyridyl)serine (31). The N-methylamide of (2S,3R,4R,6E)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-(methylamino)-6-octenoic acid (32), the unique amino acid in the immunosuppressive cyclosporine, was prepared by the new method. This report presents also information suggesting that both steric and stereoelectronic effects are responsible for the good stereoselectivities observed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19870700129
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