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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response to ether anesthesia and to electric stimulation of glycolytic metabolites in a red and a white muscle of the rat (1969)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 307 (1969), S. 154-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Red and White Muscle ; Glycolytic Metabolites ; Muscle Contraction ; Anesthesia ; Roter und weißer Muskel ; Glykolysemetabolite ; Muskelkontraktion ; Anaesthesie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Since ether anesthesia lowered ATP by 25% in red, but not in white muscle, and only when the spinal neurones were intact, we suggested that small or intermediate muscle units were activated under ether anesthesia [8]. In order to prove this postulate, some glycolytic metabolites, known to rise under muscular activation, are studied in the white musculus adductor magnus and in the red musculus pyramidalis of the rat: glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1-6-diphosphate, α-glycerophosphate, lactate, pyruvate, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The conditions compared are: Inactin (5-ethyl-5(methyl-propyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid)-anesthesia, diethyl ether anesthesia, and tetanic contraction under Inactin anesthesia. The histological assay with Sudan-black B staining shows 34.2±7.3% dark fibers in m. pyramidalis and 0.2±4.8% dark fibers in m. adductor magnus. Glucose-1-phosphate, fructose-1-6-diphosphate, and α-glycerophosphate are elevated under ether anesthesia in both muscles versus Inactin anesthesia by 100–200%. Lactate in both muscles and pyruvate in the red muscle are slightly elevated under ether (by 40%) versus Inactin anesthesia. Under tetanic contraction the metabolites studied rise considerably in both muscles. As glycogen is lowered in rat muscle under ether [9], the present results suggest an activation of glycogen phosphorylase and of phosphofructokinase in both the red and the white muscle under ether anesthesia, which results in augmented glycolysis. The comparatively small increment of pyruvate and lactate in the presence of a high increment of α-glycerophosphate under ether anesthesia is considered to indicate an asynchronous activation of fibers with unimpaired circulation and oxidative metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592081
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of three different doses of urapidil infused in hypertensive patients (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 30 (1986), S. 549-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: urapidil ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The study was designed to follow the haemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics under steady-state conditions of three different doses of urapidil infused continuously. Nine male hypertensive patients received three randomly assigned intravenous infusions of 32.5, 65 and 130 mg urapidil, over 14 h during 6 consecutive days, in a change-over fashion. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured over a period of 28 h after the infusion began and were compared with a reference profile obtained prior to the treatment periods. Urapidil and its main metabolite, parahydroxylated urapidil, were also determined for 28 h after the infusion began using HPLC. The 32.5 mg dose of urapidil caused a maximum decrease in systolic blood pressure of 33±8 mmHg, the 65 mg dose a maximum decrease of 39±12 mmHg and the 130 mg dose a maximum decrease of 50±12 mmHg. The 32.5 and 65 mg doses resulted in similar serum urapidil concentrations, with maximum levels in the 100 to 200 ng/ml range, and the 130 mg dose caused a maximum level approximately four times that achieved with the 32.5 mg dose. The serum concentration of parahydroxy urapidil was proportional to the corresponding dose of urapidil. Four patients reported mild headache, fatigue, weakness, pressure in the head, perspiration and orthostatic dysregulation. The side-effects were probably drug related but required no specific therapy. In summary, the 32.5 mg dose of urapidil resulted in a pronounced decrease in blood pressure. The average pressure reduction over the 14-h infusion period showed further dose-dependent increases after the 65 and 130 mg doses. In severe hypertension, the 130 mg dose can be employed, since it does result in a further, significantly larger decrease in blood pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542413
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of urapidil in hypertensive patients: A crossover study comparing infusion with an infusion-capsule combination (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: urapidil ; hypertension ; alpha-adrenoceptor blocker ; antihypertensive agent ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of infused urapidil and an infusion-capsule combination were followed to study the correlation between the serum urapidil level and the blood pressure. Prior to urapidil administration, basal blood pressure and heart rate were measured for 16 h in 12 male hypertensive patients. Six patients received infusions lasting for 4 h of urapidil 10, 2.5 and 5 mg/h. Six patients were infused with urapidil 10 mg/h for 4 h and 2 h after the end of the infusion each took a 60-mg capsule. After a 5 day washout period the procedures were crossed over. A maximum serum urapidil level of 625±232 ng/ml was achieved at the end of the 10 mg/h infusion, when the fall in blood pressure was 37/21 mmHg. During the 2.5 and 5 mg/h infusions the serum urapidil level was 330 and 420 ng/ml, respectively, and the corresponding decreases in blood pressure were 28/16 mmHg and 31/8 mmHg. Although the urapidil concentration 1 hour after beginning the infusion was only 184±89 ng/ml a near maximal blood pressure decrease had already occurred 33±9/20±8 mmHg, whereas, 1 h after the end of the infusion the reduction in blood pressure was only 10±12/3±8 mm, with a urapidil concentration of 358±120 ng/ml. During the plateau phases of both the infusion and infusion-capsule treatments the falls in blood pressure followed the serum urapidil levels. Only in the initial rising and final falling phases of the treatments were the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of urapidil not correlated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609958
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High energy phosphates in a red and a white muscle of the rat (1969)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 311 (1969), S. 209-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Adenine Nucleotides ; Phosphoryl Creatine ; Muscle Contraction ; Red and White Muscles ; Ether Anesthesia ; Adeninnucleotide ; Phosphorylkreatin ; Muskelkontraktion ; Rote und weiße Muskeln ; Ätheranaesthesie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previously we reported that ATP as well as phosphoryl creatine decreased by 10% under ether anesthesia vs. barbiturate anesthesia in rat leg muscle. This decrease did not occur when the sciatic nerve was severed. We therefore suggested that the decrease of high energy phosphates under ether was due to an activation of muscle fibers, presumably of red ones. In this study this postulate is proved by measuring adenine nucleotides and phosphoryl creatine in a red and a white muscle, —m. pyramidalis and m. adductor magnus of the rat. The conditions compared are: 1. Barbiturate (Inactin) anesthesia, 2. Ether anesthesia, 3. Ether-anesthesia plus destroying the segments L 4/5 of the spinal cord, 4. Electrical stimulation under Inactin-anesthesia, and 5. “Thermal contracture”. Under Inactin anesthesia the ATP content is slightly lower in the red muscle (6230±177 nanomoles per gram fresh weight) than in the white (6860±122 nanomoles per gram fresh weight); the phosphoryl creatine contents do not differ significantly between the two muscles. Unter ether anesthesia the ATP content is lowered by 25% vs. Inactin anesthesia in the red muscle while the ATP content remained unchanged under ether in the white muscle. Phosphoryl creatine is lowered by 10% under ether vs. Inactin anesthesia in the red muscle, while it is unchanged in the white muscle. After destroying the segments L4/5 of the spinal cord ATP and phosphoryl creatine remain unchanged under ether vs. Inactin anesthesia in the red as well as in the white muscle. One minute tetanic contraction as produced by direct electrical stimulation results in a 35% decrease of phosphoryl creatine in both the red and the white muscle with matching increments of free creatine. Under the same condition neither ATP nor ADP are significantly affected in the white muscle. In the red muscle the total adenine nucleotide decreases by 11% due to a 16% fall of ATP wich is not stoichiometrically matched by a 16% increase of ADP. “Thermal contracture” (repeated freezing and thawing in situ) causes considerable decreases of ATP and of phosphoryl creatine in the red as well as in the white muscle. The results indicate that the known virtual disagreement with the Lohmann concept of the ATP and phosphoryl creatine decrements in the activated state is less prominent in red than in white muscle. The data are consistent with the postulate that a neurally mediated activation of red fibers occurs under ether anesthesia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00590526
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