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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: I. Restoration and maintenance of soil fertility on ’terre de barre‘ soils in Bénin Republic (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 213-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Gliricidia sepium ; Leucaena leucocephala ; maize grain yield ; N accumulation ; Senna siamea ; wood biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential of alley cropping systems supplied with a limited amount of fertilizer to restore crop productivity on a degraded site and to maintain crop productivity on a recently cleared, non-degraded site on ‘terre de barre‘ soils in Southern Bénin was investigated from 1994 to 1996. Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea and Gliricidia sepium were used as hedgerow species. Maize yields of the no-tree control plots dropped from the initial (1990) 401 kg ha−1 and 2181 kg ha−1 on the degraded and non-degraded sites, respectively, to 109 kg ha−1 and 1346 kg ha−1 in 1996, even with application of a minimal amount of mineral fertilizer. The alley cropping systems produced on average (mean of three treatments and three years) 107% more grain than the initial 1990 values on the degraded site and 11% less grain than the initial 1990 values on the non-degraded site. Especially the Senna and to a lesser degree the Leucaena treatment yielded consistently more grain than the control. The Senna trees contained a larger amount of N and produced more wood during the first pruning on the degraded site (155 kg N ha−1 and 14.0 ton fresh wood ha−1) than on the non-degraded site (49 kg N ha−1 and 6.6 ton fresh wood ha−1) most likely because of differences in subsoil fertility, as indicated by the higher clay, exchangeable bases, and N content between 60 and 125 cm cm. N accumulation and wood production by the Leucaena and Gliricidia trees was similar in both sites (82 and 36 kg N ha−1 and 4.6 and 9.3 ton fresh wood ha−1, respectively). When a limited amount of fertilizer is available, Senna appears to be the best choice as hedgerow species on sites with a relatively fertile subsoil. For other soils, a N2-fixing species may be a better choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006114116095
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: II. Impact on soil productivity in a North-to-South transect in Togo (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 229-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Albizia lebbeck ; Gliricidia sepium ; Leucaena leucocephala ; maize grain yield ; N accumulation ; Senna siamea ; wood biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The moist savanna of West-Africa is characterized by a wide range of climates and soil types. The impact of the biophysical environment on hedgerow N uptake, wood production and maize grain yield was assessed for three years in three alley cropping trials with a selected number of hedgerow species in Glidji (Southern Togo), Amoutchou (Central Togo), and Sarakawa (Northern Togo). Senna siamea hedgerows accumulated significantly more N in the first pruning in Glidji (129−138 kg N ha−1) and Sarakawa (102−185 kg N ha−1) than in Amoutchou (17–26 kg N ha−1). This difference in N uptake was attributed to the infertile subsoil in Amoutchou, which was sandy up to 1 m and had a shallow groundwater-table. The amount of N accumulated in the Gliricidia sepium biomass varied between 38 kg N ha−1 in Glidji and 142 kg N ha−1 in Amoutchou. Averaged over all species and sites, 9 to 29% and 9 to 39% of the annual N accumulation in the hedgerow biomass is incorporated in the second, respectively third pruning. The Gliricidia trees produced between 12 and 26 ton fresh matter ha−1 of wood and the Senna trees between 4 and 38 ton fresh matter ha−1. Maize grain yield in Glidji was not affected by treatments (3196 kg ha−1, on average). In Amoutchou, the highest grain production was observed in the Gliricidia treatment (2774 kg ha−1 vs 1007 kg ha−1 in the control), while in Sarakawa, the Gliricidia (3786 kg ha−1) and Senna (3842 kg ha−1) plots produced a greater grain yield than the control plots (2123 kg ha−1). Maize yield increase in the alley cropping systems relative to the control plots was related to the soil total N content. Top and sub-soil characteristics were shown to be an important modifier of the functioning of alley cropping systems and should be taken into account when deciding on whether to use alley cropping and when selecting the hedgerow species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006124317003
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-induced changes in the rhizosphere of maize and wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 atmosphere ; Maize ; Microbial biomass ; Rhizosphere ; Turnover root-derived material ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The release of organic materials by roots of maize and wheat was studied using a growth chamber with a14CO2 atmosphere at constant total CO2 concentration and constant specific activity. The distribution of14C within shoots, roots and soil was determined for both plants after 4 and 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, 1.5% of the total amount of14C fixed by maize was found as a residue in the soil, while for wheat this figure was 2.0%. Rhizosphere14CO2 production was measured in a second experiment and plants were harvested after 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks growth. The rhizosphere14CO2 evolution by wheat accounted for some 20% of the total amount of fixed14C and was a constant value throughout the growth period. Root-derived products were slowly incorporated by the soil microbial biomass to a maximum of 20% of the residual soil14C content after 6 weeks growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374998
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-induced changes in the rhizosphere of maize and wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 95-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 atmosphere ; Cobalt ; Complexation ; Maize ; Manganese ; Rhizosphere ; Wheat ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Water-soluble14C-labelled organic material, released into soil from roots of wheat and maize plants, was recovered with a mild percolation technique, without disturbing the root-soil interface. Extraction yields were relatively high for the14C materials (up to 11% of residual soil14C for 6 weeks maize) illustrating the water soluble character of the freshly added material. The complexation potential of the soil extracts was evaluated by adding57Co,65Zn and54Mn to the extract and determining their distribution among the organic fractions by a gel filtration technique. The results show that within four weeks a micro-environment is created around a plant root, characterized by an accumulation of root-derived organic materials. In parallel with this time dependent accumulation, a gradual shift from ionic metal to higher molecular weight forms occurred. The three metals were increasingly complexed throughout the growth period. Extracts from a fallow soil complexed minor amounts of the added tracer (6.4%; 1.9% and 0.2% for57Co,65Zn and54Mn respectively) while cropped soil extracts after 6 weeks complexed 61%; 16% and 6% of respectively Co, Zn and Mn in the case of maize, and 31%, 15% and 1% in the case of wheat. Although the effects are most pronounced in the case of Co and maize, evidence is given for similar effects with wheat and the other metals. The results indicate that the physicochemical status of transition metals in the rhizosphere is entirely different from that in the bulk soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374999
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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