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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cesium and rubidium ion equilibriums in illite clay (1983)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 87 (1983), S. 1213-1219 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100230a024
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potassium bentonites reduce radiocaesium availability to plants (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: After the Chernobyl accident in 1986 the fate of radiocaesium from the fallout became of pressing concern. Specific soil amendments, as K fertilizer and specific clay minerals, promised to mitigate the worst effects. We therefore investigated the influence of bentonite and the K status of the soil on the radiocaesium equilibria in soil and on its availability to ryegrass.A sample of a sandy soil was contaminated with 134Cs and amended with K and Ca salts (0–0.97 mmol kg−1) and K bentonite (0–2%). After 4 weeks' incubation of the soil mixtures, ryegrass was grown for 18 weeks in a pot trial and harvested on seven occasions. No significant treatment effects on 134Cs activity concentrations were found at the first and second harvest. From the third harvest onwards, however, 134Cs activity concentrations in the grass were reduced up to twofold (P 〈 0.05) by increasing rates of K bentonite. Adsorption studies with 137Cs revealed that the radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) of the soil–bentonite mixtures (〉 1% bentonite) increased about 10-fold during plant growth. The RIP of the K bentonite after plant growth was up to 10 times larger than that of pure illite. The formation of specific Cs sorption sites is ascribed to the in situ illitization of the K bentonite. The increase in RIP during plant growth is reflected in a decrease in exchangeable K+ at 2% K bentonite of about 18%. Radiocaesium concentrations in grass could be reliably predicted from the Cs+ and K+ concentrations in the soil solution. Adding K bentonite to a soil contaminated with radiocaesium is effective in fixing Cs in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00509.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced sorption and fixation of radiocaesium in soils amended with K-bentonites, submitted to wetting–drying cycles (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The use of bentonites as soil amendment has met with little success in reducing plant uptake of radiocaesium. However, bentonites exchanged with K+ have pronounced Cs+ binding capacity when subjected to wetting–drying cycles. Fifty-four different bentonites were collected and characterized for cation exchange capacity and chemical composition. The radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) increased up to 160-fold (mean 25) when the bentonites were converted to the K-form and subjected to wetting–drying cycles. This increase in radiocaesium sorption was ascribed to a collapse of the clay sheets into an illite-like structure, and was most pronounced in bentonites with a high layer charge. The RIP values of K-bentonites subjected to 25 wetting–drying cycles ranged from 0.22 to 44.3 mol kg−1. The RIP yields, i.e. the RIP in soil–bentonite mixtures expressed per unit bentonite added, were even higher and ranged up to 99 mol kg−1. This upper limit is about 10-fold higher than the RIP value of illite (∼ 10 mol kg−1), the principal 137Cs sorbent in soils of temperate climates. Wetting–drying also promoted fixation of radiocaesium in soils amended with K-bentonites. About 30% of added 137Cs could be desorbed with 1 m ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) from an unamended soil after 25 wetting–drying cycles, while only between 8 and 21% of 137Cs could be desorbed from a soil amended with bentonite and a K-salt. These findings support the proposition that addition of K-bentonite may be effective in reducing availability of 137Cs in soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00619.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über eine explizite Darstellung von Listenstrukturen (1974)
    Springer
    Computing 12 (1974), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract For list structures as known from the programming languages IPL-V and LISP 1.5, an explicit finite representation by so-called context-free expressions is establiched. Effective procedures are obtained for the construction of the explicit representations and for their reduction according to the number of names involved.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für Listenstrukturen, wie sie von den Programmiersprachen IPL-V und LISP 1.5 bekannt sind, wird eine explizite endliche Darstellung durch sogenannte context-freie Ausdrücke entwickelt. Es werden effektive Verfahren angegeben zur Konstruktion der expliziten Darstellungen und zu ihrer Reduktion bezüglich der Anzahl benötigter Namen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02293106
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of radiocaesium retention in soils (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 335 (1988), S. 247-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Properties of the four soils Granulometric data (%) % CEC(meqkg"1) Clay Loam Loam Sand (2-20 jxm) (20-50 jxm) (〉50|xm) Organic carbon Soil 1 71 8.4 3.5 6.5 81.6 0.1 Soil 2 144 21.8 2.0 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335247a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-radioactive in situ hybridization (1987)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 86 (1987), S. 609-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A number of immunocytochemical detection systems for determining the chromosomal localization of specific nucleic acid sequences by non-radioactive in situ hybridization have been compared. The procedures were: 1. the peroxidase/diaminobenzidine (PO/DAB) combination, either or not gold/silver intensificated; 2. alkaline phosphatase marking using the nitro-blue tetrazolium plus bromochloro-indolyl phosphate substrate combination (AP/NBT+CIP); and 3. immunogold with or without silver enhancement. The procedures were first tested and optimized in dot blot experiments and then applied to in situ hybridization. As hybridization probes, both a middle-repetitive and a unique sequence (modified with 2-acetyl-aminofluorene (AAF)) were used. The advantages and dis-advantages of the various methods for reflection contrast (RC) or transmission electron microscopic (TEM) visualization of hybrids are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00489555
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the morphology of influenza particles induced at low pH (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 82 (1984), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At low pH influenza virus causes membrane fusion. This phenomenon is thought to reflect a part of the infection mechanism of the virus. To obtain more information on the effect of low pH on the virus, the change in morphology of influenza virus particles was studied by electron microscopy. Further, the degradation of haemagglutinin (HA) after trypsin digestion as a function of pH was studied by gel electrophoresis. The results showed that a threshold value existed below which both a change in morphology and an increase in trypsin sensitivity were observed. This threshold pH was found to be strain specific. A number of strains showed a heterogeneity in the particle population with respect to the threshold pH. The various subpopulations appeared to differ genetically. Virus particles with uncleaved precursor HA, HAo, were not effected by the low pH treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01311162
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ immobilization of heavy metals with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) in natural soils and its effect on toxicity and plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Cation exchange ; Copper ; Heavy metals ; Illite clay ; Nickel ; Organic matter ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Transition metal complexes ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The ion exchange behavior of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd) in soils is shown to be strongly influenced by complex formation with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren). In a heavy clay (illite) soil, the metal (complex) concentration in the equilibrium solution is lowered by some two orders of magnitude, as compared to the aqueous metal ions. In a sandy loam, in which the exchange properties are nearly exclusively due to organic matter, the addition of tetren leads to a significant increase of the metal (complex) in solution. These effects are interpreted in terms of the high adsorption selectivity of the metal complexes for clay particles (illite clay) and the competition of tetren with the chelating groups of the humic fraction (sandy loam). In this case the resulting tetren complexes remain in solution and can be immobilized by addition of small amounts of clay to such a soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374748
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In situ immobilization of heavy metals with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) in natural soils and its effect on toxicity and plant growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Copper ; Copper complex ; Corn ; Heavy metals ; Nutrient solutions ; Tetraethylenepentamine ; Tetren ; Zea mays L ; Zinc ; Zinc complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Complex formation of copper with tetraethylenepentamine (tetren) has some pronounced effects on the rate of uptake of the metal in corn, grown on nutrient solutions. At normal copper levels (0.02 ppm) in the medium, complex formation leads to a nearly hundredfold decrease in the rate of uptake, growth rate being slightly improved. Similar effects are observed at high copper levels (0.05 and 1 ppm) in which case the growth rate, severely affected in the absence of tetren, can be restored to normal values. High excess of tetren in the medium leads to copper-deficiency. Evidence is presented that the metal is taken up and translocated to the shoot as a metal complex and that its rate of translocation through the xylem is higher than for the aqueous ion. The effects in the case of zinc are similar although somewhat less marked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374749
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-induced changes in the rhizosphere of maize and wheat (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14CO2 atmosphere ; Maize ; Microbial biomass ; Rhizosphere ; Turnover root-derived material ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The release of organic materials by roots of maize and wheat was studied using a growth chamber with a14CO2 atmosphere at constant total CO2 concentration and constant specific activity. The distribution of14C within shoots, roots and soil was determined for both plants after 4 and 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, 1.5% of the total amount of14C fixed by maize was found as a residue in the soil, while for wheat this figure was 2.0%. Rhizosphere14CO2 production was measured in a second experiment and plants were harvested after 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks growth. The rhizosphere14CO2 evolution by wheat accounted for some 20% of the total amount of fixed14C and was a constant value throughout the growth period. Root-derived products were slowly incorporated by the soil microbial biomass to a maximum of 20% of the residual soil14C content after 6 weeks growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374998
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