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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cardiovascular effects of nicotine during stress (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Stress ; Nicotine ; Cardiovascular activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acute cardiovascular effects of smoking during stress may be greater than those of smoking or stress alone, a finding which could have implications for determining which smokers may be at particular risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Methodological problems inherent in using tobacco smoking to deliver nicotine (believed responsible for smoking's cardiovascular effects) prevent clear examination of the cardiovascular effects of inhaled nicotine. This study compared the cardiovascular increases due to a video game stress task plus 1.0 mg nicotine with those of stress or nicotine alone using an aerosol method of presenting nicotine in measured doses. Twelve young male smokers each participated in four conditions on 4 separate days: stress + nicotine, stress + placebo (stress alone), rest + nicotine (nicotine alone), and rest + placebo. The effects of stress and nicotine were additive for heart rate but less than additive for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These results indicate that the combined effects of stress and nicotine may be relevant to understanding the prevalence of CHD among smokers. They also suggest that the effects of each on cardiovascular activity may be different, as the effects are independent for heart rate but overlap for blood pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179194
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environment-specific tolerance to nicotine (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 235-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Conditioning ; Antinociception ; Tolerance ; Learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Research has shown that tolerance to the behavioral effects of numerous drugs is mediated by learning. The present study was designed to test whether animals develop tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of nicotine, and whether these effects are also learned. Rats were given dally injections of nicotine in the same environment. After each injection, the latency of tail withdrawal from a hot water bath was measured. This was continued until they were tolerant to the drug: i.e., their response latencies did not differ from animals repeatedly given saline. The role of learning in nicotine tolerance was assessed by changing the environment in which they received nicotine on the day after tolerance was achieved. When the drug environment was changed, the animals recovered the full dose effect of nicotine on tail-flick latencies. These results show that tolerance develops to nicotine's antinociceptive effects, and that this tolerance also may be influenced by learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442256
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic and acute tolerance to the heart rate effects of nicotine (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 97 (1989), S. 529-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Smokers ; Tolerance ; Heart rate ; Dose dependent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance to the effects of nicotine reflects physiological adaptation and may be related to the development and persistence of smoking behavior. However, little is known about tolerance to nicotine in humans,in part due to methodological difficulties. This study examined chronic and acute tolerance to nicotine's effect on heart rate(HR) using a measured-dose nasal spray nicotine procedure. Eight “Light” smokers (〈20 cigarettes per day) and ten “Heavy” smokers (≥ 20 per day) participated in two sessions on separate days in which they received four administrations (1 every 20 min) of a high nicotine dose (15 μg per kg body weight, equivalent to a typical cigarette) or a low nicotine dose (7.5 μg/kg) while HR was monitored during the 5 min following each administration. Compared with Light smokers, Heavy smokers had significantly smaller HR responses to the high dose, indicating greater chronic tolerance, but there was no difference between groups in response to the low dose. Acute tolerance to HR response across the four 5-min periods was not observed with either dose. However, subsequent examination of HR response in the first 2 min following each dose administration did suggest acute tolerance, particularly for the low dose, as this more acute HR response declined from the first to the last administration. These results demonstrate chronic and, to a lesser extent, acute tolerance to HR effects of nicotine and suggest that both may be dose dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439559
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing environmental cues reduces tolerance to nicotine-induced anorexia (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Conditioning ; Tolerance ; Anorexia ; Learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male rats on a 22-h food deprivation schedule were injected daily with a low dose of nicotine and allowed to drink sweetened milk for 10 min in a test cage in the colony room. Nicotine initially suppressed milk intake but complete tolerance developed within 10 days so that the amount of intake did not differ from saline controls. The role of temporal cues was tested on the next day by changing the timing of cues, and omitting others that normally preceded nicotine injection while keeping constant the physical environment within which injection and testing took place and the drug-test interval. Changing the timing of injection significantly suppressed milk intake. These results show that tolerance to the anorectic effects of a low dose of nicotine is partially dependent on the presence and timing of cues associated with tolerance acquisition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445564
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute stress or corticosterone administration reduces responsiveness to nicotine: implictions for a mechanism of conditioned tolerance (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Conditioning ; Tolerance ; Analgesia ; Corticosterone ; Stress ; Conditioned tolerance ; Adrenocortical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have shown that conditioned tolerance develops to some of the behavioral and endocrine effects of nicotine in rats. Other investigators have suggested that tolerance to multiple nicotine injections in mice may be due, in part, to elevated plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels, since repeated nicotine injections are associated with elevated CORT,chronically elevated CORT reduces nicotine responsiveness and adrenalectomy disrupts nicotine tolerance. Three experiments tested the feasibility of this hypothesis, as a mechanism for conditioned nicotine tolerance in rats, by determining whetheracute administration of CORT or manipulations that increase adrenocortical activity reduce nicotine responsiveness. In experiment 1, male rats were injected IP with CORT (1 mg/kg), vehicle (ETOH + distilled water) or no injection 10 min before nicotine (0.75 mg/kg, SC) and tested for nicotine-induced analgesia every other day for 10 days. A significant reduction in withdrawal latencies was obtained for CORT pretreated rats compared to animals given only nicotine. A similar reduction was produced by the vehicle pretreatment, which itself induced an elevation of endogenous CORT. Experiments 2 and 3 established that similar effects could be produced by doses of CORT as low as 0.125 mg/kg or by exposure to a novel environment which also elevated CORT levels. Results also suggest that a conditioned release of endogenous CORT was triggered by stimuli associated with nicotine delivery. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a conditioned release of CORT could contribute to the development of tolerance to some of nicotine's effects. The possibility that other neuroendocrine mediators might be involved in addition to or instead of CORT, is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253543
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of nicotine on hunger and caloric intake in smokers and nonsmokers (1991)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 103 (1991), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Hunger ; Caloric intake ; Smokers ; Nonsmokers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inverse relationship between smoking and body weight may be due in part to nicotine's effects on reducing hunger and eating. Male smokers and nonsmokers (n=10 each), abstinent overnight from smoking and food, participated in four sessions, involving consumption of a liquid caloric load or water followed by nicotine (15 µg/kg) or placebo via nasal spray every 20 min for 2 h. Hunger and satiety (“fullness”) ratings were obtained prior to each dose presentation. At the end of the two sessions involving the caloric load (simulating breakfast), subjects were also presented with typical lunch/snack food items varying in sweet taste and fat content for ad lib consumption. Results indicated that, for both smokers and nonsmokers, the hunger-reducing effects of nicotine occurred only following caloric load consumption, and there was no effect of nicotine on hunger after water consumption. Smokers unexpectedly reported greater satiation than nonsmokers following the caloric load regardless of nicotine or placebo condition. Nicotine also resulted in less caloric intake during the meal, and the decrease was not specific to consumption of sweet, high-fat foods. These results indicate that nicotine reduces appetite, possibly helping to explain the influence of smoking on body weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244083
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nicotine on hunger and eating in male and female smokers (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 106 (1992), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Satiety ; Hunger ; Caloric intake ; Craving ; Smokers ; Males ; Females ; Sweet taste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We tested whether the inverse relationship between smoking and body weight may be due in part to nicotine's acute effects on reducing hunger and eating. On four mornings, male and female smokers (n=10 each), abstinent overnight from smoking and food, received one of three nicotine doses (7.5, 15, and 30 µg/kg) or placebo (0) via nasal spray every 30 min for 2 h. Self-reported hunger and satiety (“fullness”) and craving for cigarettes were obtained after each dose presentation. Subjects subsequently ate ad lib from a large array of food items varying in sweet taste and fat content. For both males and females, nicotine had no effect on self-reported hunger, but cigarette craving was decreased. Rather than being decreased, caloric intake during the meal was unexpectedlyincreased following nicotine compared with placebo. Cigarette craving increased after the meal, and this increase was unaffected by nicotine dose. There were virtually no differences between males and females in any effects of nicotine. These results indicate that nicotine may not acutely suppress appetite in fasting smokers and suggest that other actions of nicotine or smoking may account for the lower body weights of smokers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253588
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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