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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naltrexone pretreatment decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of ethanol and saccharin but not PCP or food under concurrent progressive-ratio schedules in rhesus monkeys (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 141 (1999), S. 436-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Ethanol ; Food ; Monkey ; Oral ; Phencyclidine ; Progressive ratio ; Saccharin ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether attenuation of ethanol consumption by naltrexone is the result of selective changes in the reinforcing effectiveness of drug and non-drug reinforcers. A range of naltrexone doses (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) was administered for 5 days, and the effects on the reinforcing effects of orally delivered 8% (w/v) ethanol, 0.25 mg/ml phencyclidine (PCP), 0.03% (w/v) saccharin and food were studied in eight rhesus monkeys. Food and liquids were available under independent and concurrent progressive-ratio (PR) schedules (ratio range 8–4096) during daily 3-h sessions. Ethanol-maintained responding was attenuated by 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg doses of naltrexone, while saccharin-maintained responding was decreased at the 1.0 mg/kg dose. Furthermore, there was a significant linear trend that consumption of available ethanol and saccharin was attenuated dose-dependently by naltrexone. Following 5 days of naltrexone pretreatment, ethanol- and saccharin-maintained responding immediately returned to or exceeded baseline levels. Food- and PCP-maintained responding and intake were not significantly affected by any of the naltrexone doses examined. The decreased break point (BP) values for ethanol and saccharin suggest that their reinforcing effects are mediated through opioid reinforcement mechanisms. The lack of naltrexone attenuation of PCP- and food-maintained responding suggests that these reinforcers: 1) are not sensitive to naltrexone antagonism at the doses examined, 2) are mediated by non-opioid reinforcement mechanisms, and/or 3) have less intrinsic palatability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050854
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent progressive-ratio schedules to compare reinforcing effectiveness of different phencyclidine (PCP) concentrations in rhesus monkeys (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 163-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Concentration ; Concurrent schedules ; Monkey ; Oral ; Phencyclidine (PCP) ; Progressive ratio ; Self-administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Progressive ratio (PR) schedules have become well accepted for testing the reinforcing effectiveness of drugs. This study extends the methods to concurrent PR schedules with different concentrations of orally delivered phencyclidine (PCP). Objective: The sensitivity of the procedure is tested by presenting different PCP concentrations with independently-operating PR schedules. Method: PCP self-administration was investigated in seven rhesus monkeys. Six different PCP concentrations (0.03–1.0 mg/ml) and water were randomly paired (21 pairings). Liquid delivery (24 ml) was contingent upon lip-contact responses on solenoid-operated drinking spouts; whereby, the response requirement or fixed-ratio (FR) increased (from 8 to 16, 32, 64, 128... to 4096) after each successful completion of a previous FR and subsequent liquid delivery. Monkeys self administered PCP during daily 3-h sessions, and each pair of concentrations was held constant until behavior had stabilized for at least 4 days. Results: The higher of the two PCP concentrations always maintained greater responding, PR break point (BP), or the last ratio completed, and liquid deliveries than did the lower concentration. However, the monkeys did not exclusively respond on the drinking spout that yielded the higher drug concentration. When examined across all drug pairings, the percentage of total available deliveries of the higher concentration was significantly greater than those of the lower concentration. The monkeys maximized the amount (mg) consumed for the response output. Responding, BPs and liquid deliveries maintained by 0.12 and 0.25 mg/ml PCP were significantly greater than other PCP concentrations; however, drug intake (mg) increased directly with PCP concentration. Conclusion: These results indicate that concurrent PR schedules using oral drug self-administration and a concurrent choice paradigm reliably provide an estimation of relative reinforcing strength, and behavior maintained by these schedules is sensitive to small changes in PCP concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050990
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of progressive ratio schedules versus behavioral economic measures: effect of an alternative reinforcer on the reinforcing efficacy of phencyclidine (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alternative reinforcer ; Behavioral economics ; Break point ; Drug-reinforced behavior ; Drug self-administration ; Phencyclidine ; Progressive ratio ; Reinforcing efficacy ; Rhesus monkeys ; Saccharin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Alternative non-drug reinforcers have been demonstrated to decrease drug-reinforced behavior by both decreasing relative reinforcing efficacy and substituting for the drug reinforcer. The effect of saccharin on responding maintained by orally delivered phencyclidine (PCP) was examined in this study using concurrent progressive-ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement and a behavioral economic analysis of demand. Seven adult male rhesus monkeys self-administered PCP (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/ml) and either concurrent water or saccharin (0.03% wt/vol) from two drinking spouts under concurrent independent PR schedules. During daily sessions the response requirements (lip contacts on automatic drinking spouts) increased across 15 levels, from 8 to 4096. Each successful ratio completion resulted in the availability of 40 liquid deliveries under an FR 1 schedule and a subsequent increment in the PR. Concentrations of PCP were presented in a non-systematic order and presentation of the concurrent liquid, saccharin or water, was counterbalanced across subjects. All behaviors maintained by PCP were significantly greater than those maintained by water. Replacement of water with saccharin served to significantly decrease PCP-maintained responding and break points (BP) across the range of PCP concentrations; however, saccharin did not significantly decrease deliveries of PCP. Saccharin maintained significantly greater responding, BPs and deliveries compared to either PCP or water, across all PCP concentrations. The use of BP as a measure of reinforcing efficacy suggests that saccharin decreased the relative reinforcing efficacy of PCP. Furthermore, behavioral economic analyses suggested that saccharin decreased maximal PCP-maintained responding (Pmax) in a similar fashion, suggesting that BP and Pmax may be analogous measures of reinforcing efficacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050325
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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