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  • Smoking  (4)
  • Organic Chemistry  (2)
  • Physics  (2)
  • Polysilane  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time course of cigarette widhdrawal symptoms while using nicotine gum (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 143-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Withdrawal symptoms ; Timecourse ; Nicotine gum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ratings of withdrawal symptoms were provided at weekly intervals by 147 smokers clinic clients who managed complete abstinence for 4 weeks. The ratings followed a similar temporal pattern regardless of amount of nicotine gum used. Irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating and restlessness peaked in the 1 st week or two and returned to baseline by week 4. Hunger was more persistent. Craving was reported to be the most troublesome withdrawal symptom at first, although by the 4th week hunger was cited almost as often. Across all subjects,e venings were cited most often as the worst time of day for craving but among heavier smokers and those who used more nicotine gum mornings were considered worst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634470
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine addiction: a re-analysis of the arguments (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 408-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Nicotine ; Dependence ; Addiction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the arguments put forward by Robinson and Pritchard (R&P, this volume) that the conclusions of the US Surgeon General (USDHHS 1988) that nicotine is addictive were ill founded. R&P state that nicotine does not cause intoxication, that many smokers do not exhibit compulsive use, that nicotine is not a euphoriant, that nicotine is a weak reinforcer in other species, that non-pharmacological aspects of smoking are important and that negative affect control accounts for more of the variance in questionnaire measures of smoking motives than does habit. This paper points out that intoxication and a euphoriant effect are not normally considered to be central to dependence potential, that no addictive drug results in compulsive use in all users in all situations, that animals do reliably self-administer nicotine, that evidence concerning the apparent importance of non-pharmacological components of smoking do not diminish the importance of pharmacological aspects and that “variance accounted for” of self-report measures of smoking motivation do not bear on the issue of the importance of those motives. The paper concludes with a summary of the essence of the argument that cigarettes are addictive and that nicotine is the primary focus of that addiction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247413
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of cigarette smoking in relation to examinations (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 456-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Nicotine ; Examination anxiety ; Stress ; Arousal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighty-two college students took part in a study on motives underlying increases in cigarette smoking prior to examinations. One group was tested a month before, and a second group was tested the day before, the start of examinations. Measures were taken of current cigarette consumption, general anxiety, anxiety about forthcoming exams, the importance of sedative and stimulant smoking motives, hours spent revising and in other activities and amount smoked during these activities. The results indicated that the students increased the hours they spent revising and there was a corresponding increase in the number of cigarettes smoked during this activity. They also reported an increase in the importance of stimulant smoking motives. Anxiety levels increased in the run up to exams but there was no increase in sedative smoking motives. The results raise the issue of whether any anxiolytic action of nicotine may be limited to acute stressors and also whether smokers' use of cigarettes to help them stay alert during revision translates into improved examination performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247421
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of glucose tablets on craving for cigarettes (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 555-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Glucose ; Craving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clients attending a smokers clinic were randomly allocated to two groups to assess the effects of glucose tablets in reducing craving for cigarettes. Smokers who had already been abstinent for 1 week were eligible to take part in the study. All subjects completed ratings relating to urge to smoke and craving. Then subjects in one group were given packets of dextrose tablets and those in the other group were given packets of tablets containing sorbitol (a low calorie sweetener). Ratings of urges to smoke and craving were taken after 1 week, during which time the subjects had been asked to chew their tablets ad lib. Eight out of ten smokers in each group maintained abstinence. The remaining two smokers either did not abstain or did not turn up for the second measurement session. There was a significant reduction in ratings of urges to smoke and craving in the glucose group compared with the sorbitol group. These results support a theory postulating a link between glucoregulation and cigarette craving. If the results are replicated and it is shown that the reduction in craving translates into improved abstinence rates, oral glucose could be of assistance to smokers wishing to give up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244237
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of some polysilane polymers: (n-PrSiMe) n , (i-PrSiMe) n , and (sec-BuSiMe) n (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 5 (1995), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Polysilane ; nematic mesophase ; liquid crystal ; isotopic phase ; thermochromic transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three polysilane polymers, (n-PrSiMe) n , (i-PrSiMe) n , and (sec-BuSiMe) n , were synthesized and characterized by DSC. UV spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy, all at variable temperatures. The known thermochromic transition of (n-PrSiMe) n at ∼48 C is associated with a change from an orthorhombic to an isotropic phase. (i-PrSiMe) n was examned as an insoluble and soluble (lowM w) fraction, both existing mainly in an orthohombic lattice at room temperature. (sec-BuSiMe) n has a mesophase structure at 25 C, undergoes a weak endothermic transition to a second (nematic) mesophase near 65 C, and becomes isotropic at ∼160 C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01157521
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of alternating silane copolymers: (Me2Si−R2Si−Me2Si) n (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 5 (1995), S. 217-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Polysilane ; NMR ; pyrolysis ; randomization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bimodal molecular weight distributions of alternating copolymers of the type (Me2Si−R2Si−SiMe2) n , where R=hexyl and butyl, were obtained by polymerization of BrSiMe2−R2Si−Me2SiBr, using the Wurtz coupling method. Analysis of the samples by pyrolysis GC MS and solution29Si NMR indicated that some randomization occurred, due to cleavage of the original Si−Si bonds in the monomer. The extent of randomization was significantly greater in the high molecular weight fractions. Based on the nature of the rings from the py MGC/MS traces and the number on nonads found in the29Si spectra, two types of randomization processes have been proposed, involving backbiting followed by (1) ring expulsion or (2) redistribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01057894
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinitiation of vinyl polymerization by polysilanes (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 1 (1987), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Polysilanes ; photoinitiation ; polymerisation ; vinyl monomers ; thin films ; photolysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polysilanes were found to photoinitiate the polymerization of a variety of vinyl monomers including methyl methacrylate, styrene, ethyl acrylate and acrylic acid. Polymerization initiated by polysilane photolysis is rather insensitive to oxygen inhibition, which may make it especially suitable for polymerization of thin films. The initiation efficiency of poly(phenylmethylsilylene) in styrene was determined from dilatometry data to be 1 × 10-3. This rather low efficiency is counterbalanced by the very high extinction coefficient of polysilane polymers, ca. 4-8 × 103 per silicon atom. Possible reasons for the low initiation efficiency and reduced oxygen inhibition of polysilane photoinitiators are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590010103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organosilane polymers: Formable copolymers that contain methyl(β-phenethyl)silylene or cyclohexyl(methyl)silylene units (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 22 (1984), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High molecular weight polysilane copolymers which contain the units in the title were prepared in high yield by sodium coupling the corresponding organodichlorosilanes in toluene. These copolymers are highly soluble in common solvents and can be drawn into fibers or formed into films by molding or casting. They are also photoactive.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.170220121
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organosilicon polymers with alternating σ- and π-conjugated systems (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 8 (1994), S. 423-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organosilicon ; polymers ; semiconducting ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of organosilicon polymers containing polysilane and diethynylaryl units along the polymer backbone were synthesized and examined with respect to their optical absorptions. The results indicate that delocalization takes place through the σ-π conjugated system. Lengthening of π-conjugation leads to lower excitation energies while nearly identical UV-vis spectra are observed with increased Si-Si chain length. Introducing a thiophene unit into the π-system instead of a benzene unit leads to a bathochromic shift reflecting greater σ-π delocalization. The polymers undergo photodegradation, probably via cleavage of the Si-Si bonds, and thermal crosslinking by reaction at the C≡C triple bonds. When doped with iodine, these polymers become semiconducting with conductivity of the order of 10-4 S cm-1.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590080417
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organosilane polymers: Formable copolymers containing dimethylsilylene units (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 22 (1984), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formable silane copolymers that contain dimethylsilylene units were synthesized and characterized. These polymers have high molecular weights and appreciable solubility in common solvents, can be molded or cast into films or drawn into fibers, and are photoactive.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.170220116
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