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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 2 (1990), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; dementia ; memory impairment ; nucleus basalis of Meynert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Apart from global dementia various isolated cognitive deficits have been described in Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated 31 non-demented Parkinsonian patients in their late stages of disease and 50 control subjects with regard to verbal memory. Eleven patients suffered from an isolated verbal memory deficit as defined by two list learning tasks using the Buschke selective reminding procedure. The isolated memory impairment did not depend on depression but was associated with longer duration of PD. Twelve, demented PD patients were comparable to PD patients with isolated memory impairment with regard to age at onset and duration of PD. We speculate that the isolated memory impairment in PD is associated with isolated neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, without cortical or limbic pathology of the Alzheimer's type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 2 (1990), S. 327-340 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Iron ; ferritin ; Parkinson's disease ; Alzheimer's disease ; melanin ; Lewy body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Semiquantitative histological evaluation of brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (DAT) have been performed in paraffin sections of brain regions which included frontal cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and brain stem. The results indicate a significant selective increase of Fe3+ and ferritin in substantia nigra zona compacta but not in zona reticulata of Parkinsonian brains, confirming the biochemical estimation of iron. No such changes were observed in the same regions of DAT brains. The increase of iron is evident in astrocytes, macrophages, reactive microglia and non-pigmented neurons, and in damaged areas devoid of pigmented neurons. In substantia nigra of PD and PD/DAT, strong ferritin reactivity was also associated with proliferated microglia. A faint iron staining was seen occasionally in peripheral halo of Lewy bodies. By contrast, in DAT and PD/DAT, strong ferritin immunoreactivity was observed in and around senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The interrelationship between selective increase of iron and ferritin in PD requires further investigation, because both changes could participate in the induction of oxidative stress and neuronal dath, due to their ability to promote formation of oxygen radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 51 (1981), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; serotonin receptors ; receptor binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Crude membrane preparations from the frontal cortex of controls and parkinsonian patients were used to demonstrate affinity changes of the specific3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) binding sites. Two such sites were noteable in controls, a finding consistent with earlier observations. In Parkinson's disease, both high- and low-affinity sites are significantly decreased. Additional experiments either with prolonged incubation times or pre-incubation with N-ethylmaleimide change the two affinities to a single high-affinity or low-affinity constant. The concept of transitional states of 5-HT receptors is discussed and seems to have important implications in the treatment of parkinsonism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; tyrosine hydroxylase ; homospecific activity ; compensatory mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) contents in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra from control and parkinsonism brains were measured for the first time by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Both the TH protein content and TH activity (Vmax) were decreased in parallel in the parkinsonian brains as compared with those of the control brains. In contrast, TH “homospecific activity” (activity per enzyme protein) was significantly increased in the parkinsonian brains. The results indicate that the decrease of TH activity in parkinsonian brains is due to the decrease of TH protein content as a result of cell death. The increase in the “homospecific activity” of residual TH in parkinsonian brain suggests such molecular changes in TH molecules as result in a compensatory increase in TH activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 71 (2000), S. 929-935 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen ; Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ ; Parkinson-Krankheit ; L-Dopa ; Neuroleptika ; Azetylcholinesterase-Hemmer ; Keywords Dementia with Lewy bodies ; Dementia of the Alzheimer type ; Parkinson's disease ; L-Dopa ; Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most frequent neuropathologically diagnosed degenerative dementing illness. The clinical characteristics are progressive dementia, parkinsonian syndrome, fluctuations of cognitive functions, alertness, and attention, visual hallucinations (usually detailed and well described), depression, REM sleep behavior disorder, adverse responses to standard neuroleptics doses, falls, syncopes, systematized delusions, and other modalities of hallucinations. Specificity of the clinical diagnostic criteria is high (95%), and sensitivity is considerably lower. Mean age at disease onset ranges between 60 and 68 years. The male gender prevails. Disease duration is 6 to 8 years. The differential diagnoses of DLB are dementia of the Alzheimer type, Parkinson's disease, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and rarely Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The genetic background of the disease is unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission tomography can contribute to the diagnosis. Controlled pharmacological studies have so far not been published. The disease is treated with L-dopa, atypical neuroleptics, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, antihypotensive agents, and peripheral anticholinergic and alpha receptor-blocking medications to improve neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen (DLK) ist die zweithäufigste neuropathologisch diagnostizierte degenerative dementielle Erkrankung. Ihre klinischen Charakteristika sind progrediente Demenz, Parkinson-Symptome, Schwankungen der Hirnleistungen und Vigilanz, detaillierte wiedergegebene visuelle Halluzinationen, Depression, REM-Schlaf-Verhaltensstörungen, Überempfindlichkeit auf die Dosen üblicher Neuroleptika, Stürze, Synkopen, systemisierter Wahn und Halluzinationen anderer Art. Die klinischen Kriterien haben eine hohe Spezifität (95%) und eine deutlich geringere Sensitivität. Die Erkrankung beginnt im Schnitt zwischen dem 60. und 68. Lebensjahr, betrifft Männer häufiger als Frauen und dauert 6–8 Jahre. Differenzialdiagnosen sind Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ (DAT), Parkinson-Krankheit (PK), subkortikale arteriosklerotische Enzephalopathie, progressive supranukleäre Parese, Multisystematrophie und bisweilen die Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Erkrankung. Der genetische Hintergrund der Erkrankung ist ungeklärt. Bildgebende Diagnostik (Magnetresonanz-Imaging, Single-Photon-Emission-Tomographie) kann zur Differenzialdiagnose beitragen. Systematische Therapiestudien liegen noch nicht vor. Die Erkrankung wird mit L-Dopa, atypischen Neuroleptika, Azetylcholinesterase-Hemmern, blutdrucksteigernden Medikamenten, sowie zur Verbesserung der neurogenen Blasenstörungen mit peripheren Anticholinergika und α-Rezeptorenblockern behandelt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 4 (1992), S. 267-276 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Phenolsulfotransferase ; human brain ; Parkinson's disease ; regional distribution ; dopamine sulfoconjugation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain phenolsulfotransferase (PST) in 105.000×g supernatant fractions prepared from post mortem human brain catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of dopamine (DA). Using 50 μM DA, the PST activity was linear up to one hour. The KM value for DA was 3.1 μM. Higher concentrations of DA from 25 bμM up caused inhibition of PST activity. Assessment of regional distribution in normal brain using 20 μM DA concentration revealed the highest PST activites in temporal and frontal cortex. About ten times lower activities were measured in parietal and occipital lobe, amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, whereas the nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis of Meynert, caudate nucleus, and substantia nigra showed the lowest activities (about 1% of those in frontal and parietal cortex). In the brains of subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) treated with levodopa, a significant reduction of PST activities was observed in hypothalamus, frontal and temporal cortex, amygdaloid nucleus, occipital and parietal cortex (between 20 and 38.8% of controls). Depletion of PST activity was less severe in hippocampus (46% of controls), nucleus accumbens, putamen, and substantia nigra (67 and 72% of controls, respectively). No changes were observed in the nucleus basalis of Meynert, while PST activity was increased in the caudate nucleus (174 to 203% of controls). The presented data indicate that on PD brain the PST activity is reduced in areas of the cerebral isocortex and limbic system, while in the basal ganglia it is either mildly reduced (putamen) or increased (caudate nucleus). Selective changes of PST activity in PD brain may indicate an important function of this enzyme in the metabolism and/or storage of DA under pathological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; biogenic amines ; Parkinson's disease ; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In four human controls, four cases of Parkinson's disease and three cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis analysis of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and the metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was performed in various segments of postmortem spinal cord. In controls the concentrations of dopamine are about 1/3 to 1/4 that of noradrenaline; the significantly highest content of noradrenaline was found in the lumbar, and dopamine in thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord. Intersegmental distribution of monoamines was only present in spinal cord of controls, while in the spinal cord of parkinsonian patients such a difference was not found. Otherwise, biogenic amine and metabolite concentrations in spinal cord segments of parkinsonian patients did not differ significantly from those in the control subjects. However, it cannot be excluded that these segments are sensitive to drugs including neuroleptics and combined L-DOPA treatment. In subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis significantly lower concentrations of noradrenaline in the cervical and thoracic, and of dopamine and homovanillic acid in the thoracic and lumbar segments were found in comparison with controls. The concentrations of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the thoracic segments of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were significantly lower than that of controls. Differences in the inter-segmental distribution of noradrenaline in lumbar, lumbar-sacral, and serotonin in lumbar segments of spinal cord were found in this group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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