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  • 1
    ISSN: 0009-8981
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-8981
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor ; 3-O-methyldopa ; levodopa ; Parkinson's disease ; tolcapone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, on the bioavailability and efficacy of levodopa were evaluated in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), 8 of whom showed signs of daily motor fluctuations (wearing-off phenomenon). Motor disabilities were assessed in 12 patients at 7 time points before and after the chronic administration of tolcapone using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The UPDRS score was improved at all points of determination. Eight patients with wearing-off phenomenon on levodopa showed symptomatic improvement on the combination. The area under the curve (AUC) for levodopa increased by 34% (p=0.0059) after the administration of tolcapone. The elimination half-life (T1/2) of levodopa was significantly prolonged by 81% (p=0.0001) after the treatment. The AUC of 3-O-methyldopa, a metabolite of levodopa, was decreased by 79% (p=0.0001) and the Cmax (maximum concentration) was also decreased by 80% after the administration (p=0.0001) of tolcapone. The combination of tolcapone and levodopa was well tolerated. Our findings suggest that tolcapone improves the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in plasma and motor symptoms of fluctuating PD patients. It is suggested that tolcapone may be a useful drug adjunct to levodopa in treating patients with PD with wearing-off phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase was measured in nine regions of human brains from controls and patients with Parkinson's disease, striato-nigral degeneration, Shy-Drager syndrome and progressive supranuclear palsy by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The regional distribution of the enzyme activity in control brains was similar to that of serotonergic neurons; relatively high activity was found in the raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. The activity in the thalamus in Parkinson's disease and that in the locus coeruleus, raphe nucleus and substantia nigra in striato-nigral degeneration were significantly lower than that of controls (p〈0.05). In most other brain regions in parkinsonian patients the activity was relatively lower than that of controls except the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens where the activity was relatively higher than that of controls. Marked decrease in the enzyme activity in various brain regions was observed in striato-nigral degeneration, Shy-Drager syndrome, and progressive supranuclear palsy. These results suggest that the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in serotonergic neurons is reduced in the brains of parkinsonian patients and of patients with degenerative nervous diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; tyrosine hydroxylase ; homospecific activity ; compensatory mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) contents in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra from control and parkinsonism brains were measured for the first time by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Both the TH protein content and TH activity (Vmax) were decreased in parallel in the parkinsonian brains as compared with those of the control brains. In contrast, TH “homospecific activity” (activity per enzyme protein) was significantly increased in the parkinsonian brains. The results indicate that the decrease of TH activity in parkinsonian brains is due to the decrease of TH protein content as a result of cell death. The increase in the “homospecific activity” of residual TH in parkinsonian brain suggests such molecular changes in TH molecules as result in a compensatory increase in TH activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Ventral tier and dorsal tier of SNc ; juvenile or early onset parkinsonism ; spread of pathology ; rigidity ; tremor ; akinesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neural mechanism of parkinsonian motor symptoms, i.e., rigidity, tremor and akinesia, which are the result of nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency, is interpreted from long-term observations on the effect of surgical and pharmacological treatment of the disease in relation to the neuropathological findings within the substantia nigra zona compacta (NSc). Rigidity, tremor and secondary akinesia start first with degeneration of the ventral tier of the SNc followed by spread of the pathology to the dorsal tier, which may produce primary akinesia. Later, locus ceruleus pathology will be added. Spread of pathology is extremely slow in the juvenile or early onset parkinsonism (JP) compared with that in Parkinson's disease (PD). This spreading of pathology from one functional system to another might be one of the key factors responsible for the progressive worsening of the disease, which is different in speed between JP and PD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; neurotoxin ; dopamine ; intraventricular fluid ; N-methylsalsolinol ; catechol isoquinolinium ion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary N-Methyl(R)salsolinol, an endogenous neurotoxin, has been proposed to be closely involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The selective toxicity to dopaminergic neurons was strictly limited for (R)-enantiomer of N-methylsalsolinol. Its precursor, (R)salsolinol was enzymatically synthesized from dopamine and acetaldehyde in human. However, it has never been examined whether a non-enzymatic reaction produces racemic salsolinol derivatives from dopamine especially in patients under L-DOPA therapy. To clarify the point, their contents were examined in intraventricular fluid from parkinsonian patients administrated with L-DOPA. Only (R)-enantiomer of N-methylsalsolinol and very low concentration of salsolinol could be detected. The results suggest that N-methyl(R)salsolinol synthesis may not depend on dopamine level, but on the activity of enzymes related to its synthesis and/or catabolism. The results are discussed in relation to pathogenesis Parkinson's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 216 (1977), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Normal muscle spindle ; Histochemistry ; Intrafusal fiber types ; Fusimotor endings ; Fusisensory endings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden normale Skeletmuskelspindeln von Menschen histochemisch untersucht. 1. Histochemisch wurden vier Muskelfasertypen der intrafusalen Fasern — Bag I fiber, Bag II fiber, Chain I fiber und Chain II fiber — von ATPase-Aktivität klassifiziert. Bei der NADH-Tetrazolium-Reduktase wurden zwei Muskelfasertypen an intrafusalen Fasern — Bag I fiber und Bag II fiber — beobachtet. 2. Drei Typen der motorischen Endplatte — en plaque Endplatte, en grappe Endplatte und diffuse Endplatte — wurden an Muskelspindeln von Cholinesterase klassifiziert. 3. Zwei Typen der sensorischen Nervenenden — primär-sensorisches Nervenende und sekundärsensorisches Nervenende — wurden an Muskelspindeln mit NADH-Tetrazolium-Reduktase und elektronmiktroskopisch beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Normal muscle spindles of human skeletal muscle were studied histochemically. 1) Four histochemical types of intrafusal muscle fibers were classified by ATPase stain: Bag I fiber, Bag II fiber, Chain I fiber and Chain II fiber. Moreover, two types of nuclear bag fibers were classified by NADH Tetrazolium Reductase stain and PAS stain: Bag I fiber and Bag II fiber. 2) Three kinds of fusimotor endings were verified by the cholinesterase technic: en plaque, en grappe and diffuse endings. 3) Two kinds of fusisensory endings were verified by NADH TR stain and also electron-microscopically: primary and secondary sensory endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 219 (1978), S. 261-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Fusimotor endings ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Parkinsonism ; Motor neuron disease ; Myasthenia ; Muscle spindles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Serienschnitten wurden die motorischen Endplatten der intrafusalen Muskelfasern in Muskelspindeln von Patienten mit Parkinsonismus, myatrophischer Lateralsklerose und Myasthenia gravis mittels Acetylcholinesterasereaktion untersucht. Beim Parkinsonismus erschienen die diffusen Endigungen, von welchen angenommen wird, daß sie die Endigungen des Gammafasersystemes darstellen, nennenswert verbreitert, während die en-plaque- und en-grappe-Endigungen atrophisch erschienen. In den Fällen von myatrophischer Lateralsklerose erwiesen sich en-plaque- und en-grappe-Endigungen, von welchen angenommen wird, daß sie zu den Betaneuronen und den dynamischen Gammafasern gehören, als ausgesprochen atrophisch. Die diffusen Endigungen allerdings waren normal. Bei Myasthenia gravis und dem myasthenischen Syndrom von Eaton-Lambert zeigten en-plaque- und engrappe-Endigungen Atrophien, während einzig die diffusen Endigungen ausgespart blieben. Es wird die Bedeutung dieser Veränderungen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Pathological changes of the fusimotor endings in parkinsonism, motor neuron disease and myasthenia were examined by the acetylcholinesterase technic on serial sections. In parkinsonism, the diffuse endings, which are thought to be supplied by the static gamma nerve fibers, showed remarkable enlargement, while en plaque and en grappe endings were atrophic. In motor neuron disease, en plaque and en grappe endings, which are thought to be innervated by the beta nerve fibers and dynamic gamma nerve fibers respectively, revealed marked atrophy. However the diffuse endings were normal. In myasthenia gravis and myasthenic syndrome (Eaton-Lambert syndrome), en plaque and en grappe endings were atrophic, though only the diffuse endings were spared. The significance of these changes in the fusimotor endings is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Reciprocal facilitation ; Reciprocal inhibition ; Parkinson's disease ; Supraspinal control ; Movement initiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal innervation of the soleus motoneurones upon initiation of voluntary ankle dorsiflexion was investigated in eight patients with Parkinson's disease. H-reflex and visually guided step tracking methods were used for testing moto-neurone excitability and for controlling the timing of movement initiation, respectively. While reciprocal inhibition appeared almost simultaneously with the agonist electromyographic (EMG) onset in normal subjects (Kagamihara and Tanaka 1985), facilitation appeared in the majority of patients under the same onset condition. It increased slowly, reaching a maximum at about 100 ms after the EMG onset. It then subsided slowly at around 200–300 ms, and was replaced thereafter by an inhibitory effect. No coactivation of the soleus muscle was detected electromyographically. The facilitation between the EMG onset and the onset of mechanical contraction was attributed to the direct effect of the descending command from the brain, suggesting a certain disorder in controlling the system for reciprocal innervation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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