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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective loss of small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in Shy-Drager syndrome (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Shy-Drager syndrome ; Sural nerve ; Umyelinated fiber loss ; Small myelinated fiber loss ; Autonomic dysfunction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The number and sizes of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in biopsied sural nerves in cases with Shy-Drager syndrome were studied in comparison with cases with olivopontocerebellar degeneration not having autonomic dysfunction. In Shy-Drager syndrome, there was a tendency for both small myelinated and unmyelinated fiber densities to be reduced in comparison with cases with olivopontocerebellar degeneration. Unmyelinated fibers more than 0.5 μm in diameter were significantly reduced in Shy-Drager syndrome, a fact suggesting unmyelinated fiber degeneration. Multilamellated Schwann cell processes, isolated Schwann cell processes, and collagen pockets were more numerous and conspicuous in cases with Shy-Drager syndrome. It was concluded that unmyelinated fibers and small myelinated fibers in the peripheral nerves were involved selectively in Shy-Drager syndrome. The significance of the findings was discussed in terms of autonomic dysfunction observed clinically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692184
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy: report of an autopsy case (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 659-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acute pandysautonomia ; Autonomic neuropathy ; Acute polyradiculoneuritis ; Guillain-Barré syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 46-year-old woman presented acute sensori-motor neuropathy of the Guillain-Barré type, followed by a protracted course of profound autonomic and sensory dysfunction. Tests of autonomic functions showed denervation hypersensitivity. Neuropathologically, the trigeminal sensory nuclei, solitary nucleus, the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and dorsal spinal roots showed severe degeneration. Degeneration was found both in the preganglionic (intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord) and postganglionic (sympathetic ganglion and celiac ganglion) neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, and the preganglionic (dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus) and postganglionic (Auerbach's plexus) neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687895
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the Bunina bodies in anterior horn cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1978)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 42 (1978), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Bunina bodies ; Anterior horn cells ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Cytoplasmic laminar bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies were made on the anterior horn cells in a case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eosinophilic inclusions of Bunina type were observed almost selectively in the motor neurons of spinal cord, as well as of brain stem, at the light microscopic level. Fine structural study revealed the presence of two types of cytoplasmic inclusions. The first, mainly corresponding to the light microscopic inclusions, were homogeneous, electron-dense, round- or oval-shaped bodies with vesicular or tubular rims and ribosome particles, about 2–5 μ in diameter, which contained filaments or other cytoplasmic components in the clear areas within them. The second were lamellar structures (laminated cytoplasmic bodies, Morales) which appeared to be originating from endoplasmic reticulum. There was no distinct transition in these two types of inclusions and the relationship to each other is not clear. The significance of Bunina body is unknown, but some manifestation of a primary disorder, e.g., protein metabolism, rather than a secondary degenerative change in the motor neurons in amyotorophic lateral sclerosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690971
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency and urgency of micturition in hemiplegic patients: relationship to hemisphere laterality of lesions (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 234 (1987), S. 100-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Cerebrovascular disease ; Micturition, frequency ; Hemiplegia ; Hemisphere specialization ; Micturition, urgency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine the individual contribution of the right and left cerebral hemispheres to micturition control, a clinical analysis was performed concerning frequency and urgency of micturition in 134 chronic hemiplegic patients. A mean frequency of urination, 9 times or more in 24h, was found more frequently in left than right hemiplegics. Left hemiplegics also complained more often of urgency than did right hemiplegics. A mean frequency of urination of 9 times or more in 24h and urgency co-existed more frequently in left hemiplegics than in right hemiplegics. In the present study, dealing with the chronic sequelae of stroke, frequency and urgency of micturition were found more commonly in patients with right hemisphere than left hemisphere lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314111
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, on motor symptoms and pharmacokinetics of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 104 (1997), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor ; 3-O-methyldopa ; levodopa ; Parkinson's disease ; tolcapone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, on the bioavailability and efficacy of levodopa were evaluated in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), 8 of whom showed signs of daily motor fluctuations (wearing-off phenomenon). Motor disabilities were assessed in 12 patients at 7 time points before and after the chronic administration of tolcapone using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The UPDRS score was improved at all points of determination. Eight patients with wearing-off phenomenon on levodopa showed symptomatic improvement on the combination. The area under the curve (AUC) for levodopa increased by 34% (p=0.0059) after the administration of tolcapone. The elimination half-life (T1/2) of levodopa was significantly prolonged by 81% (p=0.0001) after the treatment. The AUC of 3-O-methyldopa, a metabolite of levodopa, was decreased by 79% (p=0.0001) and the Cmax (maximum concentration) was also decreased by 80% after the administration (p=0.0001) of tolcapone. The combination of tolcapone and levodopa was well tolerated. Our findings suggest that tolcapone improves the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in plasma and motor symptoms of fluctuating PD patients. It is suggested that tolcapone may be a useful drug adjunct to levodopa in treating patients with PD with wearing-off phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01273183
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cerebrospinal fluid oxidized NO metabolites, nitrite and nitrate, in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia of Binswanger type and multiple small infarct type (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 105 (1998), S. 1283-1291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Nitric oxide ; nitrite ; nitrate ; Alzheimer's disease ; vascular dementia ; cerebrospinal fluid.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The concentration of the nitric oxide (NO) metabolites nitrite (NO2 −) and nitrate (NO3 −) in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia of the Binswanger type (VDBT) or multiple small infarct type (MSID), and controls were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The nitrite concentration was significantly higher in VDBT/MSID patients than in controls (p 〈 0.005). The nitrate concentration and the combined nitrite and nitrate concentration was significantly higher in both AD (p 〈 0.05) and VDBT/MSID (p 〈 0.001) patients than in controls, with these concentrations being significantly greater in VDBT/MSID than AD patients (p 〈 0.005). The combined nitrite and nitrate concentration significantly decreased as the severitry of dementia progressed in AD (rs = 0.70, p 〈 0.01), but remained elevated in all stages of VDBT/MSID. These results suggest that NO production or oxidation in the brain increases in the early stage of AD and then decreases as neuronal cell loss progresses, but increases throughout the course of disease in VDBT/MSID, which may in part contribute to neuronal degeneration in both conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020050131
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholine and choline in vascular dementia of Binswanger and multiple small infarct types as compared with Alzheimer-type dementia (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 103 (1996), S. 1211-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; choline ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Alzheimer-type dementia ; vascular dementia of the Binswanger type ; multi-infarct dementia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid were investigated in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type (VDBT) or multiple small infarct type (MSID) as compared with patients with Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD). The ACh concentration in patients with ATD was found to be significantly lower than in controls (73%, p 〈 0.0001), and showed a significant positive correlation with dementia scale scores (rs=0.63, p 〈 0.03). The Ch concentration in the CSF of ATD patients was approximately the same as in controls. In VDBT/MSID patients, the ACh concentration was significantly lower than in controls (p 〈 0.001), also showing a significant positive correlation with dementia scale scores (rs=0.62, p 〈 0.02), but was significantly higher than in ATD patients (p 〈 0.001). Moreover, the Ch concentration in VDBT/MSID patients was significantly higher than in controls (p 〈 0.001) or ATD patients (p 〈 0.001). These results suggest that simultaneous determination of ACh and Ch concentrations in CSF may be useful for differentiating VDBT/MSID from ATD and that increasing the ACh level using cholinergic agents may be a beneficial therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ATD as well as VDBT/MSIT, and is worthy of further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271206
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentration of catecholamines and indoleamines in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with vascular parkinsonism compared to Parkinson's disease patients (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 104 (1997), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dopamine ; L-dopa ; 3-O-methyldopa ; norepinephrine ; serotonin ; vascular parkinsonism ; Parkinson's disease ; cerebrospinal fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The concentration of catecholamines and indoleamines in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with vascular parkinsonism (VP) was compared to that in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and controls. Compared to the controls, the concentration of tyrosine was significantly higher, and the concentration of L-dopa and 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) was significantly lower in both VP and PD patients. The balance between the 3-OMD/L-dopa and dopamine (DA)/L-dopa ratios was changed in favor of 3-OMD/L-dopa in both VP patients and PD patients suggesting the preservation of a compensatory mechanism. All these changes were less marked in VP patients than in PD patients. A remarkable finding was that in contrast to PD patients the concentration of DA and norepinephrine (NE) was significantly higher in VP patients than in the controls. The decrease in the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was significantly greater in VP patients than in PD patients. In PD patients, the concentration of DA, NE, and 5-HT showed significant correlation with the severity of motor symptoms. In VP patients, the concentration of 5-HT alone showed significant correlation with the severity of motor symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. These findings suggest that VP patients may have similar disturbances in the DA synthesis pathway as PD patients, but differ from PD patients in that the concentrations of DA and NE are elevated and the decrease in the 5-HT concentration is greater in VP patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01277662
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concentration of monoamines and their metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and vascular dementia of the Binswanger type (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 4 (1992), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dopamine ; norepinephrine ; cerebrospinal fluid ; senile dementia of the Alzheimer type ; vascular dementia of the Binswanger type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We measured the concentrations of total (conjugated and unconjugated) monoamines (dopamine, DA; norepinephrine, NE) and monoamine metabolites (homovanillic acid, HVA; 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyleneglycol, MHPG; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), using HPLC-ECD in 11 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), 17 patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type (VDBT), and 15 controls. In AD/SDAT, there was a significant decrease in the DA concentration and a significant increase in the MHPG concentration. The average NE concentration was not altered, but significantly increased with the progression of intellectual disability. There were no significant changes in HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations. Patients with VDBT showed a significant increase in the DA concentration and a significant decrease in HVA and 5-HIAA concentrations. The DA concentrations increased significantly with the progression of dementia and ventricular enlargement. These results indicate that the noradrenergic and dopaminergic system in particular are altered in AD/SDAT, while the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems are mainly involved in VDBT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257623
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of age on concentrations of monoamines, amino acids, and their related substances in the cerebrospinal fluid (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 5 (1993), S. 215-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Monoamines ; amino acid ; purine metabolites ; cerebrospinal fluid ; aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied age-related changes in the concentrations of monoamines, amino acids, and their related substances in the cerebrospinal fluid on 144 neurologically normal subjects. The concentrations of tyrosine, 3-O-methyldopa, dopamine (total), norepinephrine (total), homovanillic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan increased significantly with age (p〈0.05), and the concentration of 3.4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid displayed a non-significant trend to decrease, whereas concentrations of other monoamine precursors and metabolites were unchanged. We found the significant positive correlations between the concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA (p〈0.001), between tyrosine and tryptophan (p〈0.001), and between tyrosine and 3-O-methyldopa (p〈0.001). The concentrations of asparagine, glycine, taurine, and alanine increased significantly with age (p〈0.05), while glutamine, arginine, and threonine concentrations did not change with age. The aspartate, glutamate, and GABA concentrations displayed the non-significant trends to decrease in the elderly subjects. The concentrations of aspartate, glutamate, and GABA had mutually significant positive correlations (p〈0.05), but had significant negative correlations with the concentrations of some neutral amino acids. The urate and xanthine concentrations increased significantly with age (p〈0.01). These findings suggest that the concentrations of monoamine and amino acid transmitters and their related compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid reflect age-related changes in the synthesis, release, and reuptake mechanisms of the transmitters and their transport mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257676
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