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Paracetamol as a test drug to determine glucuronide formation in man. Effects of inducers and of smoking (1987)

Bock, K. W. ; Wiltfang, J. ; Blume, R. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1987), S. 677-683

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ISSN: 1432-1041

Keywords: paracetamol ; smokers ; glucuronidation ; sulphatation ; phenytoin ; rifampicin ; conjugation reactions

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine

Notes: Summary A simple, noninvasive procedure was developed to monitor glucuronidation and sulphation in patients using paracetamol as the test drug. Urinary paracetamol and its metabolites were determined by UV absorption and electrochemical detection after separation by HPLC. The metabolite to paracetamol ratio (M/P) was used as an approximation of the partial clearance due to metabolite formation. In 14 healthy volunteers, all nonsmokers without medication, M/P was 18±5 for glucuronides and 12±4 for sulphate esters. The test was validated in patients treated with enzyme inducers. In 10 patients with epilepsy given phenytoin 0.3 g/day, and in 10 patients with tuberculosis treated with rifampicin 0.6 g/day, the M/P value for glucuronidation was significantly increased to 41±11 and 35±7, respectively. In contrast, M/P values for sulphation were not significantly different from untreated controls. In 9 heavy smokers (about 40 cigarettes/day) M/P values for glucuronidation were also significantly increased to 33±11. However, in 4 moderate smokers (about 10 cigarettes/day) no significant increase was found. The results suggest that in man glucuronidation of paracetamol is inducible both by phenobarbital-and 3-methylcholanthrene-type inducers. Monitoring the ratios of various urinary paracetamol conjugates/paracetamol may be useful as a new tool for the evaluation of factors determining glucuronide and sulphate ester formation in man.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541295

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Morphology of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers (1983)

Panar, M. ; Avakian, P. ; Blume, R. C. ; [et al.]

New York : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 21 (1983), S. 1955-1969

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ISSN: 0098-1273

Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics

Notes: Fibers of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) have a fibrillar morphology, the individual fibrils having a high proportion of extended chains passing through periodic defect layers. A pleat structure is superimposed. The fibers are fully crystalline (within the limits of determination) with a small fraction of randomly oriented crystalline material. The major distinction between PPTA and conventional fibers lies in the high level of extended chains passing through the defect layers of the former structure. These extended chains result in crystallographic register being maintained between adjacent ordered zones. Quantitatively, a measure of this order is obtained from a comparison of the correlation length, obtained from meridional x-ray peak widths, and the defect spacing. In conventional fibers the defect spacing, i.e., long period, is longer than the correlation length (i.e., crystal size). In PPTA, the analog of the long period, the defect spacing (about 35 nm) is smaller than the correlation length, which is over 80 nm.

Additional Material: 18 Ill.