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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 39 (1990), S. 245-251 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Paracetamol ; drug conjugation ; renal elimination ; glucuronidation ; sulphation ; metabolic capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Factors which might affect paracetamol disposition have been studied in a heterogenous group of patients in need of mild analgesia in an intensive care unit. Following oral administration of 1 g of paracetamol, plasma and urinary concentrations of the parent compound and metabolites were assessed by HPLC. The renal clearance of paracetamol was significantly correlated with urine flow (r=0.84) and creatinine clearance (r=0.77), but not with urine pH. Metabolite output was diminished in patients with reduced renal function. Despite the heterogeneity of patients and the diversity of drug treatment, the urine to plasma paracetamol concentration ratio appeared remarkably constant in patients with normal renal function (9.8±2.7). It is concluded that the metabolite to paracetamol ratio may only be regarded as a measure of the drug metabolizing capacity in subjects with normal renal function, if factors influencing urine volume and paracetamol absorption are standardized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 14 (1978), S. 367-373 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: UDP-glucuronyltransferase ; needle liver biopsies ; morphine ; 1-naphthol ; drug-inducible enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sensitive, reliable and convenient assays are described for the study of human liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. Using14C-1-naphthol as substrate about 2 mg of a liver biopsy specimen and for14C-morphine about 20 mg of tissue will suffice for enzyme estimation. Lack of inhibition of 1-naphthol glucuronidation by morphine suggests that the substrates are glucuronidated by different forms of the enzyme. Enzyme levels in the native and activated state were studied in biopsies from patients grouped according to histopathological and clinical criteria. The enzyme assays may help to characterize UDP-glucuronyltransferases in human tissues and their induction by drugs and environmental chemicals, as well as their alteration in various diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Smoking ; Omeprazole ; Cytochrome P4501A ; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase ; duodenal biopsies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Drug-metabolizing enzymes were investigated in duodenal biopsy specimens. Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity was determined by measuring 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in biopsies from 20 smokers (3–30 cigarettes per day), 21 nonsmokers, and 10 nonsmokers receiving omeprazole treatment (20–60 mg/day for at least 1 week). Omeprazole is known to act as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-type inducer in humans. EROD activity was found to be significantly induced in smokers and omeprazole-treated patients, with medians of 2.1 and 1.1 pmol· min−1·mg protein−1, respectively, compared with 0.5 pmol·min−1·mg protein−1 in nonsmokers. Immunoblot analysis substantiated that EROD activity was correlated with CYP1A protein. In contrast, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity towards 4-methylumbelliferone (an overlapping substrate of several constitutive and inducible UGTs) was not significantly affected. The results demonstrate CYP1A induction by omeprazole and by constituents of cigarette smoke in the human duodenum and support the utility of duodenal biopsies to monitor CYP1A induction by PAH-type inducers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Caffeine metabolism ; Cigarette smokers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To analyse distributions of a urinary ratio of caffeine metabolites (MRc) representative of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity in a cohort of Caucasian German healthy volunteers and to re-assess the effects of smoking and oral contraceptives on the range and type of MRc distribution. Methods: A cohort of volunteers comprising 192 individuals (96 males, 96 females) was divided into subgroups according to smoking and/or use of oral contraceptives. The CYP1A2 substrate caffeine was administered, and urine was collected for 6 h and analysed for representative caffeine metabolites. Distribution of a CYP1A2-dependent MRc was analysed using cumulative distribution (probit) plots and Rosin-Rammler-Sperling-Weibull (RRSW) functions. Results: Cumulative distribution curves for males, and females, without further subgrouping for smoking habits and/or oral contraceptive steroid (OCS) consumption, showed slightly higher MRc values, i.e. slightly higher CYP1A2 activities, in males. Significantly higher MRc values were found in smokers of both sexes than in non-smokers. The distributions among female non-smokers or smokers with and without OCS were nearly superimposible, however. For the two male subgroups, the sum of two RRSW functions resulted in a better adjustment to the data than a unimodal skewed distribution. A weak correlation between MRc and the number of cigarettes smoked per day was found. Conclusion: The inducing effect of smoking on CYP1A2 activity was confirmed, whereas no significant inhibitory effect of oral contraceptives was observed. The finding that the data are compatible with bimodal distributions in non-smokers suggests a significant impact of genetic factors on MRc. Among smokers, data were also compatible with bimodal distributions, i.e. with the existence of a “non-responder” phenotype concerning CYP1A2 induction by compounds present in tobacco smoke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1987), S. 677-683 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: paracetamol ; smokers ; glucuronidation ; sulphatation ; phenytoin ; rifampicin ; conjugation reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A simple, noninvasive procedure was developed to monitor glucuronidation and sulphation in patients using paracetamol as the test drug. Urinary paracetamol and its metabolites were determined by UV absorption and electrochemical detection after separation by HPLC. The metabolite to paracetamol ratio (M/P) was used as an approximation of the partial clearance due to metabolite formation. In 14 healthy volunteers, all nonsmokers without medication, M/P was 18±5 for glucuronides and 12±4 for sulphate esters. The test was validated in patients treated with enzyme inducers. In 10 patients with epilepsy given phenytoin 0.3 g/day, and in 10 patients with tuberculosis treated with rifampicin 0.6 g/day, the M/P value for glucuronidation was significantly increased to 41±11 and 35±7, respectively. In contrast, M/P values for sulphation were not significantly different from untreated controls. In 9 heavy smokers (about 40 cigarettes/day) M/P values for glucuronidation were also significantly increased to 33±11. However, in 4 moderate smokers (about 10 cigarettes/day) no significant increase was found. The results suggest that in man glucuronidation of paracetamol is inducible both by phenobarbital-and 3-methylcholanthrene-type inducers. Monitoring the ratios of various urinary paracetamol conjugates/paracetamol may be useful as a new tool for the evaluation of factors determining glucuronide and sulphate ester formation in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 115 (1989), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Mouse hepatic foci ; Altered phenotypes ; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase ; Glucuose-6-phosphatase ; N-nitrosomorpholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) was studied immunohistochemically in hepatic foci and nodules of N-nitrosomorpholine-treated mice. Serial sections were stained for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). It was found that a high percentage of G6Pase-negative liver foci and nodules were also UDPGT-negative (34%). In addition, G6Pase-negative foci without altered UDPGT phenotype (30%) and UDPGT-negative foci without altered G6Pase phenotype (8%) were detected. G6Pase-positive foci were also present (24%). Interestingly, most G6Pasepositive foci were UDPGT-positive (16%). Some G6Pase-positive lesions without altered UDPGT phenotype were also found (8%). The major phenotype observed in rat hepatocarcinogenesis models (UDPGT-positive/G6Pase-negative foci) was not detectable in the mouse model. These results demonstrate heterogeneous alterations of UDPGTs in mouse hepatic foci. They furthermore suggest marked differences between the mouse and the rat in the regulation of UDPGTs in similarly induced rat hepatic foci.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: UDP-glucuronyltransferases ; Sulfotransferases ; Reactive conjugates ; N-hydroxy-N-acetylaminofluorence ; N-hydroxy-phenacetin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Glucuronyl- und Sulfotransferasen inaktivieren eine große Zahl gefährlicher Verbindungen, z. B. Phenole und Dihydrodiole, die beim Metabolismus von polycyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffen gebildet werden. Das Verständnis der membrangebundenen Glucuronyltransferasen wird kompliziert durch deren ausgeprägte Aktivierbarkeit, die man bei Membranveränderungen in vitro beobachtet. Solche Membranveränderungen können auch in vivo auftreten, z. B. bei dem durch CCl4 verursachten Leberschaden. Außerdem sind diese Enzyme durch Fremdstoffe induzierbar. Phenobarbital und 3-Methylcholanthren stimulieren wahrscheinlich verschiedene Glucuronyltransferasen. Sulfotransferasen, die im Cytoplasma vorkommen, konkurrieren oft mit den Glucuronyltransferasen um dieselben Substrate. Die Bildung von ‚aktivem Sulfat{ie78-01} (PAPS) aus Cystein ist wahrscheinlich in vivo leichter erschöpfbar als die Bildung von UDP-Glucuronsäure, die aus Kohlenhydrat gebildet wird. Deshalb kann das Verhältnis Sulfatester/Glucuronid mit steigender Substratdosis abfallen. Sulfatester und Glucuronide bestimmter N-Hydroxyarylamine (N-Hydroxy-N-Acetylaminofluoren, N-Hydroxyphenacetin) sind reaktiver als die Ausgangssubstanz und binden kovalent an Zellbestandteile. Von den beiden Konjugaten sind die Sulfatester reaktiver und deshalb auch toxischer als die entsprechenden Glucuronide. Glucuronide können in Niere und Blase toxisch werden, wo sie in hoher Konzentration vorliegen.
    Notes: Abstract Glucuronyl- and sulfotransferases inactivate a wide variety of hazardous compounds, for example, phenols and dihydrodiols generated during the metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Our understanding of the firmly membrane-bound glucuronyltransferases is complicated because of their marked activation by membrane perturbants in vitro. Membrane perturbation also occurs in vivo, for example in liver injury caused by CCl4. Moreover, glucuronyltransferases are inducible by xenobiotics. Phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene probably stimulate separate glucuronyltransferases. Sulfotransferases, located in the cytoplasm, often compete with glucuronyltransferases for the same substrates. The generation of ‘active sulfate’ (PAPS) from cysteine is more likely to be depleted in vivo than the formation of UDP-glucuronic acid generated from carbohydrates. Hence the proportion of sulfate ester/glucuronide may fall with increasing dose of the substrate. Sulfate esters and glucuronides of certain N-hydroxy-arylamines (N-hydroxy-N-acetylaminofluorene, N-hydroxy-phenacetin) are more reactive than the parent compound and bind covalently to cell constituents. Of the two conjugates, sulfate esters are more reactive and thereby more toxic than the corresponding glucuronides. Glucuronides may become toxic in the kidney and bladder where they are highly concentrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 296 (1977), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: UDP-glucuronyltransferase ; l-Naphthol ; Perfused rat liver ; CCl4 injury ; UDP-glucuronic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the disparity between glucuronidation rates in vivo and UDP-glucuronyltransferase in vitro after CCl4 injury, the time course of the effects of CCl4 (0.25 ml/kg) on kinetic properties of UDP-glucuronyltransferase (l-naphthol as substrate) was examined in rat liver homogenates and microsomes. These experiments were compared with 1-naphthol glucuronidation by the perfused liver which was studied at various time points after CCl4 administration. Phenobarbital-treated rats were used to enhance the hepatotoxicity of CCl4. 1. Within 24 h UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity increased 8-fold in liver homogenates and 3-fold in microsomes. During this time the allosteric activator, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, lost its effect whereas the inhibitor UDP showed greater inhibitory properties, thus counteracting the activation. 2. 1-Naphthol glucuronidation in perfused livers was significantly decreased by 24 h. Sulfate ester formation was little affected. 3. The content of UDP-glucuronic acid was not significantly altered although liver histology revealed about 45% necrotic and prenecrotic cells and an uniform fatty degeneration of hepatocytes after 24 h. The results suggest that during CCl4 injury, UDP-glucuronyltransferase is activated. At the same time the kinetic properties of the enzyme are altered in a way leading to inefficient glucuronide synthesis, when assays are carried out under conditions presumed to exist in vivo. Nevertheless the capacity to form glucuronides is retained in the acutely injured liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 277 (1973), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Isolated Perfused Liver ; Glucuronyltransferase ; 1-Naphthol ; Phenobarbital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1-Naphthol glucuronyltransferase activity has been estimated in isolated perfused rat liver from the linear appearance of 1-naphthol glucuronide in the perfusate and bile. An activity of 0.09 and 0.16 μmoles glucuronide formed/min/g liver was found for livers of untreated controls and phenobarbital pretreated male rats, respectively. Whereas phenobarbital pretreatment markedly enhances glucuronyltransferase activity the formation of sulfate ester is slightly diminished. The activity in perfused liver corresponds with the activity in microsomes which are not activated by detergents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: c-myc- c-erbB2 ; Ki-67 ; Breast cancer ; Cervix cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Genomic alterations of c-myc (amplification, rearrangements and hypomethylation) were investigated in 30 breast carcinomas and 20 cervix carcinomas. In breast carcinomas c-myc alterations were compared with overexpression of the c-erbB2 protooncogene and the proliferation marker Ki-67. Alterations of c-myc were found in 50% of the breast carcinomas and in 25% of the cervix carcinomas. In 23% of the breast carcinomas c-erbB2 overexpression was associated with c-myc alterations. In 17% of the cases there was overexpression of c-erbB2 without detectable alterations of c-myc. Hence, in 67% of breast cancers alterations of c-myc and/or c-erbB2 have been found, while in 81% of the samples Ki-67 expression was increased. The results suggest that the study of c-myc alterations provides an important complement to that of other prognostic indicators of breast cancer such as c-erbB2 expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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