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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 13 (1999), S. 3-17 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Muskelschmerz ; Nozizeptor ; Rückenmark ; Neuroplastizität ; Key words Muscle pain ; Nociceptor ; Spinal cord ; Neuroplasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Mechanisms in the lesioned muscle: The peripheral mechanism underlying the tenderness and pain during movement of a damaged muscle is the sensitization of muscle nociceptors. Ongoing activity of nociceptors causes spontaneous pain in addition to tenderness. Muscle pain (particularly that originating in myofascial trigger points) is often mislocalized because it is referred to other deep somatic tissues. The development of trigger points is a purely peripheral event, whereas the referral of muscle pain is based on central nervous mechanisms. Mechanisms at the spinal level: The input from muscle nociceptors induces neuroplastic changes in the spinal cord and higher centres of the central nervous system. These changes are associated with an overexcitability of neurones (central sensitization) and contribute to hyperalgesia of patients. Resting activity of spinal neurones (and hence spontaneous pain) is strongly dependent on nitric oxide (NO). A muscle lesion is likely to lead to an inhibition of the homonymous muscle, it can, however, elicit spasm in another muscle. Supraspinal mechanisms: Spinal neurones that mediate muscle pain are subjected to a strong descending inhibitory influence. The inhibitory tracts originate in the mesencephalon and medulla oblongata. A dysfunction of this inhibitory system might be involved in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mechanismen im Muskel: Der periphere Mechanismus für die Druck- und Bewegungsempfindlichkeit des verletzten Muskels besteht in der Sensibilisierung von Nozizeptoren. Wenn Nozizeptoren eine Ruheaktivität entwickeln, tritt zusätzlich zur Überempfindlichkeit Spontanschmerz auf. Muskelschmerzen (besonders die von myofaszialen Triggerpunkten) werden oft in andere tiefe Gewebe übertragen und damit subjektiv fehllokalisiert. Die Entstehung von Triggerpunkten ist ein rein peripherer Vorgang; die Übertragung der Schmerzen basiert dagegen auf Mechanismen im Zentralnervensystem. Mechanismen auf Rückenmarkebene: Der Impulseinstrom von Muskelnozizeptoren bewirkt neuroplastische Veränderungen im Rückenmark und höheren Zentren des Zentralnervensystems. Diese Veränderungen sind mit einer Erregbarkeitssteigerung der Neuronen (einer zentralen Sensibilisierung) verbunden, die bei Patienten eine Hyperalgesie mitverursacht. Die Ruheaktivität der spinalen nozizeptiven Zellen (und damit der spontane Muskelschmerz) sind stark von Stickstoffmonoxid (Stickoxid, NO) abhängig. Eine Muskelläsion führt meist zu einer Hemmung des homonymen Muskels, kann jedoch in anderen Muskeln einen Spasmus auslösen. Supraspinale Mechanismen: Spinale Neuronen, die Muskelschmerz vermitteln, sind einer tonischen deszendierenden Hemmung unterworfen. Die hemmenden Bahnen haben ihren Ursprung im Mesenzephalon und in der Medulla oblongata. Eine Fehlfunktion dieses Hemmsystems könnte bei der Pathogenese der Fibromyalgie beteiligt sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide synthase ; NADPH-dependent diaphorase ; Spinal cord ; Pathological circumstances ; Nociception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, the regulation of the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in the central nervous system has attracted much interest because it has been shown that NO is involved in a wide variety of functions such as neuroprotection, neurotoxicity, neurotransmission, and neuroplas- ticity under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. However, the use of different detection techniques for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), different animal species, and different experimental lesions has led to contradictory results concerning the direction of changes in spinal nNOS expression. This paper summarizes the available data on the expression on nNOS in the spinal cord under physiological and pathological conditions and tries to extract some of the basic mechanisms that underlie neuronal up- or downregulation of this enzyme. Wherever possible, results obtained with the NADPH-dependent diaphorase reaction are also included for reasons of comparison. The main conclusion is that changes in spinal nNOS expression critically depend on the type of afferent fibres activated by a specific lesion as well as the intensity and duration of input to the spinal cord. This input may be further modified by supraspinal influences. Thus the exact composition of these factors, which is undoubtfully highly variable between different experimental models, appears to determine whether the spinal NO system responds with an up- or downregulation of nNOS expression or in a bidirectional way. With regard to the diaphorase reaction it is becoming increasingly clear that under pathological conditions data obtained with this reaction differ markedly from those obtained with immunohistochemical visualization of nNOS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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