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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurobiologische Grundlagen von Muskelschmerz (1999)
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 13 (1999), S. 3-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Muskelschmerz ; Nozizeptor ; Rückenmark ; Neuroplastizität ; Key words Muscle pain ; Nociceptor ; Spinal cord ; Neuroplasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Mechanisms in the lesioned muscle: The peripheral mechanism underlying the tenderness and pain during movement of a damaged muscle is the sensitization of muscle nociceptors. Ongoing activity of nociceptors causes spontaneous pain in addition to tenderness. Muscle pain (particularly that originating in myofascial trigger points) is often mislocalized because it is referred to other deep somatic tissues. The development of trigger points is a purely peripheral event, whereas the referral of muscle pain is based on central nervous mechanisms. Mechanisms at the spinal level: The input from muscle nociceptors induces neuroplastic changes in the spinal cord and higher centres of the central nervous system. These changes are associated with an overexcitability of neurones (central sensitization) and contribute to hyperalgesia of patients. Resting activity of spinal neurones (and hence spontaneous pain) is strongly dependent on nitric oxide (NO). A muscle lesion is likely to lead to an inhibition of the homonymous muscle, it can, however, elicit spasm in another muscle. Supraspinal mechanisms: Spinal neurones that mediate muscle pain are subjected to a strong descending inhibitory influence. The inhibitory tracts originate in the mesencephalon and medulla oblongata. A dysfunction of this inhibitory system might be involved in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mechanismen im Muskel: Der periphere Mechanismus für die Druck- und Bewegungsempfindlichkeit des verletzten Muskels besteht in der Sensibilisierung von Nozizeptoren. Wenn Nozizeptoren eine Ruheaktivität entwickeln, tritt zusätzlich zur Überempfindlichkeit Spontanschmerz auf. Muskelschmerzen (besonders die von myofaszialen Triggerpunkten) werden oft in andere tiefe Gewebe übertragen und damit subjektiv fehllokalisiert. Die Entstehung von Triggerpunkten ist ein rein peripherer Vorgang; die Übertragung der Schmerzen basiert dagegen auf Mechanismen im Zentralnervensystem. Mechanismen auf Rückenmarkebene: Der Impulseinstrom von Muskelnozizeptoren bewirkt neuroplastische Veränderungen im Rückenmark und höheren Zentren des Zentralnervensystems. Diese Veränderungen sind mit einer Erregbarkeitssteigerung der Neuronen (einer zentralen Sensibilisierung) verbunden, die bei Patienten eine Hyperalgesie mitverursacht. Die Ruheaktivität der spinalen nozizeptiven Zellen (und damit der spontane Muskelschmerz) sind stark von Stickstoffmonoxid (Stickoxid, NO) abhängig. Eine Muskelläsion führt meist zu einer Hemmung des homonymen Muskels, kann jedoch in anderen Muskeln einen Spasmus auslösen. Supraspinale Mechanismen: Spinale Neuronen, die Muskelschmerz vermitteln, sind einer tonischen deszendierenden Hemmung unterworfen. Die hemmenden Bahnen haben ihren Ursprung im Mesenzephalon und in der Medulla oblongata. Eine Fehlfunktion dieses Hemmsystems könnte bei der Pathogenese der Fibromyalgie beteiligt sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004820050179
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neue Entwicklungen im Verständnis von Triggerpunkten (1999)
    Springer
    Manuelle Medizin 37 (1999), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0466
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003370050116
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-function relationships in identified afferent neurones (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Structure-function relationship ; Intracellular injection ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Primary afferent neurones ; Spinal cord neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The review deals with structure-function relationships in primary afferent and spinal cord neurones that were intracellularly injected with a marker substance (mostly HRP) after physiological identification. At the level of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, there is a significant correlation between soma size and conduction velocity (or diameter) of the afferent fibre for most subpopulations of DRG cells, but the scatter of data is considerable, so that the size of a DRG cell soma cannot be predicted from the diameter of its axon or vice versa. The spinal terminations of primary afferent fibres are the best example of a relationship between structure and function, since most of the afferent units possess characteristic patterns of spinal arborization, e.g. the “flame-shaped arbors” of hair follicle afferents in lamina III of the dorsal horn, or the projection of nociceptive afferents onto lamina I. The morphological features of spinal cord neurones can be used only to a limited extent for functional identification. Thus, many SCT neurones can be recognized by their triangular dendritic tree and STT cells in lamina VII/VIII by their dendritic projection into the white matter. It is still not possible, however, to distinguish a nociceptive STT cell from a low-threshold mechanoreceptive one on the basis of morphological criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189723
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity in functionally identified primary afferent neurones in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 189 (1994), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal root ganglion ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Neuropeptides ; Structure-function relationship ; Nociceptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In anaesthetized rats, intracellular recordings were made from the somata of lumbar (L4 and L5) dorsal root ganglion cells. The impaled afferent units were first functionally classified by testing the peripheral receptive endings with mechanical stimuli and then iontophoretically injected with a fluorescent dye. Serial sections of the dorsal root ganglion containing the injected soma were incubated with an antibody solution against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Somata displaying calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) possessed receptive endings in the skin and deep somatic tissues (muscle, fascia, tendon, joint). The majority of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) neurones had conduction velocities below 2.5 m/s; only a few neurones conducted faster than 10 m/s. The immunostained somata were small to mediumsized (cross-sectional area 〈 1200 μm2). With one exeption, CGRP-IR was found in all types of ending studied, but the proportion of CGRP-ir neurones differed. Immunostained somata were rare among cutaneous and deep low-threshold mechanosensitive units (e.g. hair follicle and muscle spindle units). CGRP-ir somata were most frequent among high-threshold mechanosensitive (presumably nociceptive) afferent neurones (four out of six cells). The data suggest that CGRP can be expressed not only in nociceptive but also in many other types of primary afferent neurone, the condition being that the conduction velocity is slow and/or the cell soma small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193128
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological and neurophysiological changes induced by carrageenan in skeletal muscle of cat and rat (1988)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 25 (1988), S. 210-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infiltration of the rat gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscle with carrageenan induced a myositis which was characterized histologically by an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes around capillaries and small arterioles. In chloralose-anaesthetized cats having an inflamed GS-muscle, the discharge behaviour of single muscle receptors with group III and IV afferent fibres was recorded. Concerning background activity, only group III receptors showed a significant increase, whereas a significant lowering in mechanical threshold was present only among group IV receptors. Both high- and low-threshold mechanosensitive receptors showed signs of a sensitization. In contrast to group IV receptors in the cat, rat group IV receptors showed a significantly higher level of background activity in inflamed muscle but no increased responsiveness to mechanical stimuli. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) influenced only some of the receptors in the inflamed tissue. Leukotriene D4 did not act as a sensitizing substance but depressed the activity of group IV muscle receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965013
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Descending antinociception and fibromyalgia (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words Fibromyalgia pain ; descending antinociception ; dorsal horn neurons ; spinal cord block ; Schlüsselwörter ; Fibromyalgie-Schmerzen ; deszendierende Antinozizeption ; Hinterhornneurone ; Kälteblock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hypothese wird diskutiert, daß Fibromyalgie-Schmerzen durch eine Dysfunktion des deszendierenden, antinozizeptiven Systems (mit)verursacht sind. Ergebnisse aus Tierexperimenten zeigen, daß eine Unterbrechung des Systems durch Kühlung des Rückenmarks folgende Wirkungen auf nozizeptive Hinterhornneurone hat: 1. Anstieg der Ruheaktivität, 2. Senkung der mechanischen Reizschwelle, und 3. verstärkte Antworten auf Schmerzreize. Die Wirkung der deszendierenden Antinozizeption auf die Reizeffekte von tiefen Nozizeptoren war stärker als die Wirkung auf die Effekte von Nozizeptoren der Haut. Falls ähnliche Effekte auch bei Patienten auftreten, ist zu erwarten, daß eine Störung der deszendierenden Antinozizeption folgende Symptomebewirkt: 1.Spontanschmerzen (Ruheaktivität), 2. Druckschmerzhaftigkeit (Senkung der Schwelle) und 3. Hyperalgesie (verstärkte Antworten auf Schmerzreize). Die Änderungen sollten vorwiegend Schmerzen aus tiefen Geweben betreffen, da die deszendierende Antinozizeption hauptsächlich auf Reizeffekte von tiefen Nozizeptoren wirkt.
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis is discussed that a dysfunction of the descending antinociceptive system may underly the pain of fibromyalgia. Data from animal experimentation show that an interruption of the system by spinal cord cooling leads to (1) increase in ongoing activity, (2) lowering in stimulation threshold, and (3) increase in response magnitude in nociceptive dorsal horn neurons. The influence of the descending system was stronger on the responses to input from deep nociceptors than to input from cutaneous nociceptors. If similar changes occur also in patients, an impairment of the tonicly active descending system should be followed by (1) spontaneous pain (ongoing activity), (2) tenderness (lowering in mechanical threshold), and (3) hyperalgesia (increased responses to noxious stimuli). These changes should affect mainly deep pain, because the antinociceptive system influences predominantly input from deep nociceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003930050229
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased spinal expression of c-Fos following stimulation of the lower urinary tract in chronic spinal cord-injured rats (1999)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 112 (1999), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  c-Fos expression was studied in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord regions involved in processing afferent input from the lower urinary tract and a comparison was made between spinal cord-injured (SCI) animals and control animals with intact neuraxes. Afferent pathways from the lower urinary tract were activated either by insertion of a catheter through the urethra into the urinary bladder or by catheterisation plus induction of reflex micturition contractions by intravesical saline infusion. Placement of a catheter alone elicited Fos expression in a similar number of neurones in SCI and control rats mainly in the medial dorsal horn (MDH) and dorsal commissure (DCM) in the segments L1–2 and L5–S1 with a maximum in L5. Additional saline infusion induced low-frequency, high-amplitude, rhythmic bladder contractions of long duration in the rats with intact spinal cords, whereas in SCI rats, bladder distension elicited reflex contractions at a higher frequency, smaller amplitude and shorter duration. However, the basal and mean bladder pressure, as well as the total contraction time relative to the whole recording time, was not significantly different. Distension-induced bladder contractions markedly increased Fos expression primarily in the spinal segments L5–S1 in the control rats, where the majority of bladder and urethral afferent fibres terminates. Fos-positive cells were located in the MDH, lateral dorsal horn (LDH), DCM and the lateral aspect of laminae V–VII. Compared to controls, Fos expression after spinal cord injury (SCI) occurred in a significantly greater number of neurones throughout the segments L3–S1 following induction of bladder reflexes. The greatest proportional increase in the number of Fos-positive cells occurred in L3–5 which normally receive only little afferent input from the urinary bladder. Cell numbers predominantly increased in the LDH and lateral lamina V–VII. The data are consistent with the concept of a neuroplastic reorganisation of spinal pathways after SCI. Unmasking of silent synapses or formation of new connections by afferent axonal sprouting caudal to the lesion, as evident from the increased numbers of cells expressing Fos after bladder distension, could be factors underlying the emergence of reflexogenic micturition in chronic SCI rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050392
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inflammation-induced increase in the density of neuropeptide-immunoreactive nerve endings in rat skeletal muscle (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 121 (1998), S. 174-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Substance P ; Nerve growth factor ; Growth-associated protein 43 ; Nerve endings ; Myositis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The density of substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive (ir) nerve endings was quantitatively evaluated in intact and inflamed gastrocnemius-soleus muscle of the rat. In persistently inflamed muscle (12 days after a single injection of Freund’s adjuvant into the muscle), the density of SP-ir fibres was significantly increased. CGRP- and VIP-ir fibres displayed an insignificant increase in density. The density of fibres ir for nerve growth factor (NGF) and for growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43/B-50), a marker for axonal sprouting, regeneration and synaptic reorganisation, increased significantly in persistently inflamed muscle. The data are consistent with the established contribution of NGF on the expression of SP and GAP-43 in afferent neurones under the influence of a persistent inflammation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050449
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of mechanical stimuli and of acetylsalicylic acid on the discharges of slowly conducting afferent units from normal and inflamed muscle in the rat (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 92 (1993), S. 431-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inflammation ; Muscle pain ; Slowly conducting muscle afferents ; Sensitization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized rats, the influence of an experimental inflammation and of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the discharge properties of muscle receptors with slowly conducting afferent fibres was studied using a single-fibre recording technique. Following the induction of a myositis with carrageenan, the proportion of units having background activity and the frequency of the background discharge were significantly increased. The latter change was particularly prominent in high-threshold mechanosensitive (HTM) units. There was evidence for an inflammation-induced lowering of mechanical threshold in HTM units, but the change was not statistically significant. Administration of ASA intravenously led to a decrease in the frequency of background discharge in some units while others were unaffected, although they appeared to be sensitized by the inflammation. If one assumes that at least some of the HTM receptors fulfil nociceptive functions, the results suggest that the pain and tenderness of an inflamed muscle is largely due to a sensitization and hence increased activity of nociceptive muscle receptors. The sensitization is only partially abolished by ASA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229031
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of group IV afferent units from skeletal muscle to stretch, contraction and chemical stimulation (1978)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 31 (1978), S. 511-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle group IV afferent units ; Muscle pain ; Chemo-nociceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Contraction-sensitive receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to differentiate between nociceptive group IV muscle receptors and “ergoceptive” ones, the discharges of single group IV fibres from skeletal muscle in response to local pressure, sustained stretch, repetitive contraction and intra-arterial injections of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), potassium, phosphate, and lactate were studied in anaesthetized cats. Of the 75 fibres of the study, 5 units were activated by sustained stretch, the responses occurring with a delay. These stretch-sensitive units could not be activated by local pressure or muscular contraction. Thirteen group IV afferents raised their discharge frequency during repetitive contractions. Some of the units responded immediately with the onset of the contractions, whereas the others showed a pronounced delay. Forty-six units were tested with all or most of the above mechanical and chemical stimuli. In 32 afferents a response to at least one of the stimuli was present. Taking only these units into account, several groups of receptors could be distinguished by their different response combinations. One group was activated by pain-producing substances, but not by muscular activity and thus showed nociceptive properties. Another group showed a raised activity during muscular contractions but did not respond to the algesic agents bradykinin and 5-HT. Units belonging to this group might serve as “ergoceptors”. The borderline between the two groups was not sharp, a considerable number of group IV afferents was found which had both nociceptive and “ergoceptive” properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239809
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