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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neurons and their postnatal development in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat (1977)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 35-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: CNS ; Development ; Thalamus ; vLGN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and distribution of neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of adult rats, and the postnatal growth and differentiation of these neurons were studied in Golgi-Cox preparations. In the adult, two main cell classes were recognized: class A cells and class B cells. The former are assumed to be projection neurons. The latter closely resemble the class B cells of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and are interpreted as presynaptic dendrite-bearing interneurons. Class A cells predominated and three subtypes were tentatively identified: small-medium size multipolar neurons, with short, branched spiny dendrites (most numerous in dorsolateral vLGN); medium-large fusiorm cells with one or two stem dendrites at each pole (most numerous in medial vLGN); large multipolar neurons with long, sparsely branched dendrites (most numerous in ventral vLGN). Class A and B cells were distinguishable at birth and showed parallel cell body size increases up to postnatal day 24. The dendrites of both classes of cell also reached the adult stage of differentiation at about day 24 but the differentiation of class B cell dendrites lags slightly behind that of class A cell dendrites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315296
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcortical afferent and efferent connections of the superior colliculus in the rat and comparisons between albino and pigmented strains (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 131-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Connections ; Albinism ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcortical connections of the superior colliculus were investigated in albino and pigmented rats using retrograde and anterograde tracing with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), following unilateral injection of HRP into the superior colliculus. Afferents project bilaterally from the parabigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the optic tract, the posterior pretectal region, the dorsal part of the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus; and ipsilaterally from the substantia nigra pars reticulata, the pars lateralis of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the intergeniculate leaflet, the zona incerta, the olivary pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the lateral thalamus, Forel's field H2, and the ventromedial hypothalamus. Collicular efferents terminate ipsilaterally in the anterior, posterior and olivary pretectal nuclei, the nuclei of the optic tract and posterior commissure, the ventrolateral part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the pars lateralis of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the intergeniculate leaflet, and the zona incerta; and bilaterally in the parabigeminal nuclei and lateral posterior-pulvinar complex (chiefly its dorsal part). The general topographical patterns of some of the afferent and efferent projections were also determined: the caudal and rostral parts of the parabigeminal nucleus project to the caudal and rostral regions, respectively, of the superior colliculus; caudal superior colliculus projects to the most lateral, and lateral superior colliculus to the most caudal part of the terminal field in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; caudolateral superior colliculus projects to the caudal ventrolateral part of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, while rostromedial parts of the colliculus project more rostrally and dorsomedially. Following comparable injections in pigmented and albino animals, fewer retrogradely labelled cells were found in subcortical structures in the albino than in the pigmented rats. The difference was most marked in nuclei contralateral to the injected colliculus. Thus, the effects of albinism on the nervous system may be more widespread than previously thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237409
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GAP-43 in the axons of mammalian CNS neurons regenerating into peripheral nerve grafts (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Axotomy ; CNS regeneration ; PNS grafts ; Axonal sprouting ; GAP-43 ; Immunoelectron microscopy ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although mature mammalian CNS neurons do not normally regenerate axons after injury, it is well established that they will regrow axons over long distances into peripheral nerve implants. We have autografted segments of sciatic nerve into the brains of adult albino rats and have used light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to examine the distribution of the growth associated protein GAP-43 in and around the graft in the first two weeks following implantation. GAP-43 was present, 3–14 days after grafting, in small non-myelinated axonal sprouts in the brain parenchyma around the proximal tip of the graft. At 11–14 days after implantation similar sprouts within the graft itself were GAP-43 immunoreactive. The sprouts were either naked or associated with other cell processes (chiefly of Schwann cells; to a lesser extent of astrocytes). We also show that small numbers of neuronal perikarya around the tip of the graft become GAP-43 immunoreactive 11–14 days after implantation. Thus mature mammalian CNS neurons regenerating axons into a PNS graft display a marked increase in their content of GAP-43. In addition, we report that small plaques of GAP-43 reaction product are sometimes present on the plasma membranes of Schwann cells or astrocytes adjacent to immunoreactive axons, and that narrow sheet-like or filopodial processes of astrocytes, Schwann cells and possibly other non-neuronal cell types, may contain small amounts of GAP-43.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228507
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for collateral projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus from glutamate and/or aspartate-containing neurons of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Amino acid immunocytochemistry ; Axon collateralization ; Thalamus ; Fluorescent tracers ; Limbic system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Small, stereotaxically guided injections of true blue (TB) were made into the retrosplenial granular cortex (RSg) and of diamidino yellow (DY) into the dorsal portion of the rostral pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in 16 adult rats to determine whether axons projecting from the anterior thalamic nuclear complex (ATN) to the TRN are branches of axons also projecting to the RSg. Following injections of the fluorescent dyes, serial coronal sections of the brain revealed single retrogradely labelled, and large numbers of double retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies in the ipsilateral anteroventral and anterodorsal nuclei and smaller numbers in the anteromedial nucleus of the ATN complex. In a se- cond series of six adult rats with similar double injections of TB and DY, two sections in three were immunoreacted, one with antiserum against glutamate and one with antiserum against aspartate, using indirect immunofluorescence with rhodamine to detect reactive cells. The great majority of both single and double retrogradely labelled cell bodies were also immunoreactive for aspartate or glutamate. In addition, a moderate to small number of non-immunolabelled neurons projecting to the TRN and/or to the RSg were also found in all three nuclei of the ATN complex. These results are compatible with the possibility that large numbers of neurons in the ATN send axonal branches to both the RSg and the TRN, and that many such neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as transmitters. The findings also suggest that the projections from the ATN might be heterogeneous with respect to transmitter phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005745
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spine-like astrocytic protrusions into large axon terminals (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 494-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axon ; Synapses ; Astrocytes ; Thalamus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies and three-dimensional graphic reconstructions from serial sections have shown that the large axon terminals of synaptic glomeruli in the ventrobasal nucleus of the rat are invaginated by spine-like protrusions from the astrocyte processes surrounding the glomeruli (“micro-trophospongium”). The astrocytic protrusions are similar in dimensions and internal morphology to the synapse-bearing dendritic excrescences that also invaginate the large axon terminals. Consequently astrocytic protrusions may be overlooked, or confused with dendritic excrescences sectioned at a non-synaptic level. The intimate neuronal—neuroglial relationship at such large axon terminals may reflect ion-exchange or metabolic interactions between the astrocytes and the axon terminal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335715
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microtubule-associated smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the frog's brain (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 564-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axons ; Dendrites ; Microtubules ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of neural processes in the cerebellum, optic tectum, and cerebral hemisphere of the frog reveal a distinctive system of SER cisternae lying at intervals (commonly 1–2 μm apart) perpendicular to the long axis of axons and dendrites, interconnected by tubular, longitudinally orientated SER elements, and in direct continuity with the outer membrane of mitochondria. The transverse cisternae are fenestrated, with a single mierotubule (or rarely, two) passing through the centre of each 50–75 nm fenestration. Extensions of the SER-microtubule complex may be located parasynaptically in axon terminals and dendrites. The SER of dendritic spines also appears to be continuous with the fenestrated cisternae. Possible roles for the specialized SER (particularly of the parasynaptic extensions), such as calcium ion sequestration and ATP or monoamine oxidase transport, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335058
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