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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotransmitter characteristics of neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 377-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Mesencephalic tegmental nuclei ; Basal forebrain ; Choline acetyltransferase ; GABA ; Excitatory amino acid ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Retrograde labelling was combined with immunohistochemistry to localize neurons containing choline acetyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, somatostatin, Leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, and substance P-immunoreactivity in neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus in the rat. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the supramammillary nucleus resulted in retrogradely labelled neurons in the medial septal nucleus, the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, the infralimbic cortex, the medial and lateral preoptic nucleus, the subiculum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. In the medial septal nucleus and in the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, 80–85% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30–40 per section) were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons were immunoreactive for GABA, glutamate, neurotensin or substance P. In the medial preoptic nucleus, 85–90% of retrogradely labelled neurons (25–30 per section) were immunoreactive for somatostatin and a few WGA-HRP-labelled neurons displayed neurotensin-immunoreactivity. In the rostroventral part of the subiculum, small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons were also immunoreactive for neurotensin or for glutamate. In the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, 90% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (20–25 per section) were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons also displayed substance P immunoreactivity. In the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus, 50–60% of retrogradely labelled neurons (15–20 per section) were also immunolabelled for GABA and approximately 30–40% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (10–12 per section) were immunoreactive for Leu-enkephalin. The compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus also contained small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons that displayed neurotensin immunoreactivity. In the dorsal raphe nucleus, 80–85% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30–40 per section) were also immunoreactive for serotonin and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons displayed neurotensin or glutamate immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the multiple neurochemicals contained in ascending and descending projections to the SuM participate in complex interactions in the transmission process of SuM neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050287
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and choline acetyl transferase immunohistochemical study (1995)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 335-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior thalamus ; Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ; Pedunculopontine nucleus ; Cholinergic neurons Double-labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was combined with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry to study cholinergic projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. Small iontophoretic injections of HRP placed into different subdivisions of the anterior thalamic nuclear complex resulted in distinct patterns of retrograde labelling in two major cholinergic cell groups of the mesopontine tegmentum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg), in which a majority of the labelled cells was located, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). After injections into the posterior subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVp), double-labelled neurons were present predominantly in the ipsilateral LDTg while a smaller number was found in the PPT. In the ipsilateral LDTg, 60–70% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP-labelled, and 90–95% of the HRP-labelled neurons were ChAT-positive. In the contralateral LDTg, 30–40% of ChAT-positive neurons were HRP-labelled. After injections in the medial subdivision of the anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AVm), the pattern of labelling in LDTg was similar to that detected after injections in the AVp. The number of double-labelled neurons in the LDTg and PPT was much lower after injections into AVm than after injections into AVp. When injections were confined to the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD), no HRP-labelled cells were present in the LDTg or PPT. These results show that the LDTg and PPT are the sources of the cholinergic input to the rat anterior thalamus. The major projection from LDTg and PPT is to the AVp, whereas there is a lighter cholinergic projection to the AVm. The AD does not receive a projection from cholinergic cells in the mesopontine tegmentum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for collateral projections to the retrosplenial granular cortex and thalamic reticular nucleus from glutamate and/or aspartate-containing neurons of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Amino acid immunocytochemistry ; Axon collateralization ; Thalamus ; Fluorescent tracers ; Limbic system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Small, stereotaxically guided injections of true blue (TB) were made into the retrosplenial granular cortex (RSg) and of diamidino yellow (DY) into the dorsal portion of the rostral pole of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in 16 adult rats to determine whether axons projecting from the anterior thalamic nuclear complex (ATN) to the TRN are branches of axons also projecting to the RSg. Following injections of the fluorescent dyes, serial coronal sections of the brain revealed single retrogradely labelled, and large numbers of double retrogradely labelled neuronal cell bodies in the ipsilateral anteroventral and anterodorsal nuclei and smaller numbers in the anteromedial nucleus of the ATN complex. In a se- cond series of six adult rats with similar double injections of TB and DY, two sections in three were immunoreacted, one with antiserum against glutamate and one with antiserum against aspartate, using indirect immunofluorescence with rhodamine to detect reactive cells. The great majority of both single and double retrogradely labelled cell bodies were also immunoreactive for aspartate or glutamate. In addition, a moderate to small number of non-immunolabelled neurons projecting to the TRN and/or to the RSg were also found in all three nuclei of the ATN complex. These results are compatible with the possibility that large numbers of neurons in the ATN send axonal branches to both the RSg and the TRN, and that many such neurons use glutamate and/or aspartate as transmitters. The findings also suggest that the projections from the ATN might be heterogeneous with respect to transmitter phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005745
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collateralization of cerebellar efferent projections to the paraoculomotor region, superior colliculus, and medial pontine reticular formation in the rat: a fluorescent double-labeling study (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 365-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Oculomotor complex ; Superior colliculus ; Pontine reticular formation ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Medial cerebellar (fastigial) nucleus ; Fluorescent tracers ; Rat ; Eye movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Collateralization of cerebellar efferent projections to the oculomotor region, superior colliculus (SC), and medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) was studied in rats using fluorescent tracer substances. In one group, True Blue (TB) was injected into the oculomotor complex (OMC), including certain paraoculomotor nuclei and supraoculomotor ventral periaqueductal gray (PAG), and Diamidino Yellow (DY) was injected into the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) or pontine raphe. The largest number of single-TB-labeled (paraoculomotor-projecting) cells was observed in the medial cerebellar nucleus (MCN) and posterior interposed nucleus (PIN), whereas the largest number of single-DY-labeled (mPRF-projecting) cells was in the MCN. Double-TB/DY-labeled cells were present in the caudal two-thirds of the MCN, suggesting that some MCN neurons send divergent axon collaterals to the paraoculomotor region and mPRF. In another group, TB was injected into the SC and DY into the mPRF. The largest number of single-TB-labeled (SC-projecting) cells was in the PIN, although a considerable number of cells was observed in the caudal MCN, and ventral lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN). Single-DY-labeled (mPRF-projecting) neurons were primarily located in the central and ventral MCN, but were also present in the lateral anterior interposed (AIN) and in the LCN. Double-TB/DY-labeled neurons were observed in the caudal two-thirds of the MCN and in the central portion of the LCN. The most significant new findings of the study concerned the MCN, which not only contained neurons that projected independently to the paraoculomotor region, SC, and mPRF, but also contained a considerable number of cells which collateralized to project to more than one of these nuclei. The possibility that the MCN projects to the supraoculomotor ventral PAG (containing an oculomotor interneuron system) and to the mPRF, which in the cat and monkey contain neural elements essential to the production of saccadic eye movements, is discussed. The anatomical findings suggest that the MCN in the rat plays an important role in eye movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248802
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collateralization of frontal eye field (medial precentral/anterior cingulate) neurons projecting to the paraoculomotor region, superior colliculus, and medial pontine reticular formation in the rat: a fluorescent double-labeling study (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 68 (1987), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Medial precentral cortex ; Anterior cingulate cortex ; Frontal eye field ; Superior colliculus ; Oculomotor complex ; Paraoculomotor nuclei ; Medial pontine reticular formation ; Eye movement ; Rat ; Fluorescent tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paired injections of fluorescent tracers (True Blue, Diamidino-Yellow) were made into the oculomotor complex (OMC) and medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF), and superior colliculus (SC) and mPRF, in adult rats to retrogradely label the cortical cells of origin of projections to these oculomotor-related brainstem structures. While large numbers of single-labeled cells in the medial frontal cortex projected only to the mPRF, the presence of many double-labeled cells in the dorsomedial shoulder cortex (medial precentral/anterior cingulate areas), the rat frontal eye field (FEF), indicated that this cortical region contains lamina V pyramid neurons whose axons collateralize to project to the region of the OMC, SC, and mPRF. The similarities of rat and monkey FEF connections, and their relevance to the control of eye movement, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248801
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic study of γ-aminobutyric acid inputs to identified thalamocortical projection neurons in the anterior thalamus of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Anterodorsal thalamic nucleus ; Anteroventral thalamic nucleus ; Retrograde labelling ; Postembedding immunoelectron microscopy ; Inhibitory synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have carried out a semi-quantitative ultrastructural study to determine the characteristics and distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing constituents of the anterodorsal (AD) and anteroventral (AV) thalamic nuclei in adult rats. We used a polyclonal antibody to GABA and a postembedding immunogold detection method in animals in which the cortical projection neurons of these nuclei had been labelled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the retrosplenial granular cortex. Two types of GABA-immunopositive structures were identified, with gold particle densities 4–40 times higher than the highest densities over blood-vessel lumens and areas of empty resin: (1) an apparently homogeneous population of axon terminals with Gray type-2 (symmetric) synaptic contacts corresponding to F-axon terminals; and (2) small–medium sized myelinated axons scattered individually or in small groups within the neuropil which may be their parent axons. These axons and terminals may originate from the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus; others may arise from the basal forebrain or brainstem. The GABA-immunopositive terminals comprised approximately 16% of all axon terminal profiles in AD and 12% in AV, a significant difference. However, because the immunoreactive axon terminals in AD were significantly larger than those in AV (1.09±0.47 µm2 vs 0.90±0.43 µm2) and would therefore be encountered more frequently, it is not possible to conclude that the GABAergic innervation of AD is heavier than that of AV. The GABA-positive terminals established synaptic contacts with cell bodies and dendrites of all sizes (some of which were HRP-labelled) with the following frequency distribution (AD/AV, no significant difference): somata 5%/7%; large dendrites (≥1.5 µm) 14%/9%; medium dendrites (1.00–1.49 µm) 35%/45% and small dendrites (〈1 µm) 46%/40%. Despite evidence from previous studies, we found no evidence in this study for the presence of GABAergic interneurons or for GABA-containing projection neurons in AD or AV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050744
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beta-amyloid peptide is toxic to cholinoceptive neurones in vivo via indirect mechanisms (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 85 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein on the expression of m1, m2 subunits of mAChR and on α7nAChR were analyzed in the cerebral cortex and in the hippocampus of rats following injections of Aβ (1–40) (BACHEM, 2 μg in 1 μL of PBS) into the left retroesplenial cortex (RSg) and injections of 1 μL of PBS into the right RSg. Sections were immunoreacted for the localization of α7, m1, m2, GABA, somatostatin and parvalbumin. Injections of Aβ resulted in loss of neurones expressing α7- and m1-like immunoreactivity (IR) in frontal, RSg cortices, hippocampus and subicular complex. A decrease of α7, m1- and m2-like-IR fibers and structures-like terminals was also seen in hippocampus, subicular and cerebral cortex. α7nAChR and m1, m2 subuntis of mAChRs were most commonly identified on GABAergic interneurones. These results point to an effect of Aβ on the synthesis of α7nAChR and mAChRs and suggest an important role of cholinoceptive interneurones in the dysfunction of hippocampus and cerebral cortex seen in AD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.85.s2.16_1.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Afferents of the caudal fastigial nucleus in a New World monkey (Cebus apella) (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 80 (1990), S. 600-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsolateral and dorsomedial basilar pontine nuclei ; Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi ; Vestibular complex ; Medial accessory olivary nucleus ; Oculomotor vermis ; Flocculus ; Basal interstitial nucleus ; Saccadic eye movements ; Smooth pursuit ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The afferents of the fastigial nucleus (FN) were studied in two capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) one of which had received a unilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase in the caudal FN, and a second monkey which received a control injection that involved the lateral caudal FN but extended into the cerebellar white matter between the FN and posterior interposed nucleus (PIN). All of the sources of FN afferents were found to be labeled bilaterally. In addition to the restricted distribution of labeled Purkinje cells in lobules VI and VII of the posterior lobe vermis (“oculomotor vermis”), retrogradely labeled cells were present in the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN), dorsomedial pontine nucleus (DMPN), nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), pontine raphe (PR), paramedian nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (NRPC), nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH), subnucleus b of the medial accessory olivary nucleus (sbMAO), and vestibular complex (VC). The second (control) injection appeared to confirm a proposed (Langer et al. 1985b) projection from the flocculus to the basal interstitial nucleus. The results are discussed in terms of the functional relationships of the FN to the frontal eye field and oculomotor-related brainstem structures involved in the production of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227999
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