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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurotransmitter characteristics of neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 200 (1999), S. 377-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Mesencephalic tegmental nuclei ; Basal forebrain ; Choline acetyltransferase ; GABA ; Excitatory amino acid ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Retrograde labelling was combined with immunohistochemistry to localize neurons containing choline acetyltransferase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, somatostatin, Leu-enkephalin, neurotensin, and substance P-immunoreactivity in neurons projecting to the supramammillary nucleus in the rat. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the supramammillary nucleus resulted in retrogradely labelled neurons in the medial septal nucleus, the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, the infralimbic cortex, the medial and lateral preoptic nucleus, the subiculum, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. In the medial septal nucleus and in the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca, 80–85% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30–40 per section) were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons were immunoreactive for GABA, glutamate, neurotensin or substance P. In the medial preoptic nucleus, 85–90% of retrogradely labelled neurons (25–30 per section) were immunoreactive for somatostatin and a few WGA-HRP-labelled neurons displayed neurotensin-immunoreactivity. In the rostroventral part of the subiculum, small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons were also immunoreactive for neurotensin or for glutamate. In the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, 90% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (20–25 per section) were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons also displayed substance P immunoreactivity. In the compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus, 50–60% of retrogradely labelled neurons (15–20 per section) were also immunolabelled for GABA and approximately 30–40% of WGA-HRP-labelled neurons (10–12 per section) were immunoreactive for Leu-enkephalin. The compact subnucleus of the central superior nucleus also contained small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons that displayed neurotensin immunoreactivity. In the dorsal raphe nucleus, 80–85% of WGA-HRP- labelled neurons (30–40 per section) were also immunoreactive for serotonin and small numbers of retrogradely labelled neurons displayed neurotensin or glutamate immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the multiple neurochemicals contained in ascending and descending projections to the SuM participate in complex interactions in the transmission process of SuM neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050287
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoelectron microscopic study of γ-aminobutyric acid inputs to identified thalamocortical projection neurons in the anterior thalamus of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Anterodorsal thalamic nucleus ; Anteroventral thalamic nucleus ; Retrograde labelling ; Postembedding immunoelectron microscopy ; Inhibitory synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have carried out a semi-quantitative ultrastructural study to determine the characteristics and distribution of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing constituents of the anterodorsal (AD) and anteroventral (AV) thalamic nuclei in adult rats. We used a polyclonal antibody to GABA and a postembedding immunogold detection method in animals in which the cortical projection neurons of these nuclei had been labelled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the retrosplenial granular cortex. Two types of GABA-immunopositive structures were identified, with gold particle densities 4–40 times higher than the highest densities over blood-vessel lumens and areas of empty resin: (1) an apparently homogeneous population of axon terminals with Gray type-2 (symmetric) synaptic contacts corresponding to F-axon terminals; and (2) small–medium sized myelinated axons scattered individually or in small groups within the neuropil which may be their parent axons. These axons and terminals may originate from the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus; others may arise from the basal forebrain or brainstem. The GABA-immunopositive terminals comprised approximately 16% of all axon terminal profiles in AD and 12% in AV, a significant difference. However, because the immunoreactive axon terminals in AD were significantly larger than those in AV (1.09±0.47 µm2 vs 0.90±0.43 µm2) and would therefore be encountered more frequently, it is not possible to conclude that the GABAergic innervation of AD is heavier than that of AV. The GABA-positive terminals established synaptic contacts with cell bodies and dendrites of all sizes (some of which were HRP-labelled) with the following frequency distribution (AD/AV, no significant difference): somata 5%/7%; large dendrites (≥1.5 µm) 14%/9%; medium dendrites (1.00–1.49 µm) 35%/45% and small dendrites (〈1 µm) 46%/40%. Despite evidence from previous studies, we found no evidence in this study for the presence of GABAergic interneurons or for GABA-containing projection neurons in AD or AV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050744
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New SSR markers of Phaseolus vulgaris from sequence databases (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 123 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To enlarge the number of microsatellite loci of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) (common bean), a set of primer pairs has been obtained from public databases, to amplify DNA regions including simple sequence repeats (SSR), and they have been assayed in several P. vulgaris genotypes. Publically available DNA sequence data of P. vulgaris were searched for SSR motifs. Twenty sequences containing microsatellites were identified and primer pairs were designed to amplify those microsatellites. Primers were evaluated for their ability to detect polymorphisms within a set of P. vulgaris accessions, local landraces and hybrids and in addition, two accessions of the closely related species P. coccineus. Eighteen polymorphic SSR loci were identified. Polymorphisms were found at both levels of accessions and Phaseolus species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0179-9541.2003.00929.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical and electronic properties of TiCxNy films (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 2737-2743 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical and electronic properties of TiCxNy(x+y∼1,0〈y〈1) thin films have been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the 1.5–4.5 eV energy range and by valence band x-ray photoemission spectroscopy as a function of the composition. The dielectric functions measured in the energy range of intraband transitions are analyzed in terms of a Drude-like approximation. Both the free plasma energy and the damping constant are observed to depend on the nitrogen content of the samples, suggesting a certain tunability of the optical and electronic properties of these films. Analysis of the valence band reveals that the C 2p band shifts toward higher binding energies upon an increase of the nitrogen content, in good agreement with the shift observed in the minimum of the optical reflectivity associated with the threshold of the interband transitions. The enhancement of the metallic character of the films as the nitrogen content increases is also evidenced by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy as a continuous intensity growth of the conduction band at the Fermi level. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1394157
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of carbon nitride thin films prepared by dual ion beam sputtering (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 764-766 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Carbon nitride thin films obtained by dual ion beam sputtering have been investigated by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nitrogen content in the films depends on deposition conditions. A maximum value of N/C=0.8 has been achieved. A new peak at 286.7 eV energy loss in the C K-edge EELS spectra has been assigned to C=N bonds with C in the sp2 hybridization state. In addition, experimental evidences are presented of the formation of β-C3N4 crystallites embedded in a layer of a polymer like CNx amorphous phase. An evaluation of the experimental parameters that lead to the highest N content in the films is also included. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117884
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the structure and function of the N-terminal domain of the pneumococcal murein hydrolases (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structures of the choline-dependent pneumococcal murein hydrolases, LYTA amtdase and CPL1 Iysozyme, and the choline-independent CPL7 Iysozyme were analysed by controlled proteolytic digestions. The trypsin cleavage of the CPL1 and CPL7 lysozymes produced two resistant polypeptides, F1 and F7 respectively, corresponding to the N-terminal domain of the enzymes, whereas the amidase LYTA was completely hydrolysed by the protease. Interestingly, the F1 and F7 fragments showed a low, but significant, choline-independent lysozyme activity. Choline reduced the rate of proteolytic hydrolysis of choline-dependent enzymes, suggesting that the C-terminal choline-binding domain adopts a more resistant conformation in the presence of the ligand. On the other hand, the regions encoding the N-terminal domains of the three enzymes have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, showing that these domains adopt an active conformation even in the absence of their C-terminal domains. The lower activity shown by the catalytic domains when compared with that of the complete enzymes suggests that the acquisition of a substrate-binding domain represents a noticeable evolutionary advantage for enzymes that interact with polymeric substrates, allowing them to achieve a higher catalytic efficiency. These results strongly reinforce the hypothesis that the pneumococcal murein hydrolases have been originated by fusion of two structural and functional independent domains, and provide new experimental support to the theory of modular evolution of proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01542.x
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  • 7
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    Unknown
    Alarifes moros aragoneses (1935)
    Madrid : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Al-Andalus. 3:1 (1935) 63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0304-4335
    Topics: History
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:6018-1935-003-01-000003
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from barley cultivars grown in Spain (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 17 (1998), S. 902-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Barley ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-two barley cultivars grown in Spain, 18 of the two-row type and 14 of the six-row type, were screened for plant regeneration from cultured immature embryos. Although there was much variation in regeneration capacity among the cultivars, plants were obtained from all cultivars except Almunia. No statistical differences were found in the percentage of regeneration between two- and six-row types. The influence of the auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dicamba, and picloram on the induction and maintenance of embryogenesis and regeneration capacity after 3–4 months in culture, were evaluated for cultivars Cobra, Hop and Reinette. Hop had the highest rates of maintenance of embryogenic capacity and plant regeneration. The medium containing dicamba gave the best embryogenic callus induction, maintenance and regeneration. Five regeneration media, differing in growth regulators and micronutrient composition, as well as partial desiccation of the calli before regeneration, were tested. The regeneration medium containing 10 μm copper sulfate gave the best results. Regeneration frequencies after 3–4 months in culture of cultivar Hop were raised from 59.5 to 93.7% in this medium. Silver nitrate and partial desiccation of the calli also enhanced plant regeneration, but the medium containing 10 μm of silver nitrate reduced root formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050506
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Desiccated doubled-haploid embryos obtained from microspore culture of barley cv. Igri (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1999), S. 924-928 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Barley ; Desiccation ; Embryos ; Doubled haploids ; Microspores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Barley microspore-derived doubled-haploid embryos have been produced in vitro. The development of embryo desiccation technology will allow long-term storage, germplasm preservation and low delivery cost. Treatment of the microspore-derived embryos was essential to induce desiccation tolerance and to arrest further development and plant regeneration. At the concentrations used, a treatment with trehalose was more efficient than with sucrose, and mannitol was harmful to the embryos. Up to 80% of the desiccated embryos produced complete green plants when transferred to regeneration medium, by the application of a 0.6 m trehalose or a 10–5 m abscisic acid treatment to the embryos in the culture induction medium. The morphology of these plants was similar to plants produced directly from non-desiccated embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050685
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative Erfassung des Ionenstrahleinflusses beim Sputtering von Oxidschichten mit AES und XPS (1983)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 314 (1983), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Ionenbeschuß wird bei vielen Metalloxiden eine an Sauerstoff verarmte, dünne Oberflächenschicht über dem stöchiometrischen Oxid aufgebaut, deren Charakterisierung mit Hilfe quantitativer AES und XPS gezeigt wird: Aus den Intensitätsverhältnissen unter Berücksichtigung der mittleren Elektronenaustrittstiefe kann das Molenbruchverhältnis Metall/Sauerstoff als Funktion der Schichtdicke erhalten werden. Diese wird durch Variation der effektiven Austrittstiefe (Emissionswinkelvariation) ermittelt. Aus der chemischen Verschiebung der XPS-Peaks des Metalls können Oxide niedrigerer Wertigkeitsstufen nachgewiesen und aus den zugehörigen Peakflächen deren Mengenanteil bestimmt werden. Am Beispiel von anodisch oxidiertem Ta2O5 (Dicke: 30 nm) unter Beschüß mit 3 keV Ar+-Ionen wurden folgende Ergebnisse erhalten: Die Dicke der gestörten Schicht beträgt 2,5±0,7 nm bei 20 At.-% Sauerstoff-Verlust (XTa = 0,5), wobei eine Reduktion bis zum metallischen Ta festgestellt wird, das neben den Oxiden TaO und TaO2 vorliegt.
    Notes: Summary During ion bombardment of many metallic oxides a thin oxygen depleted layer is built up on top of the stoichiometric oxide. The characterisation of this layer is demonstrated using quantitative AES and XPS: Based on the mean electron escape depth, the mole fractions of metal and oxygen are derived from the intensity ratio as a function of the layer thickness. The latter is determined by variation of the effective escape depth (emission angle variation). From the chemical shift of the metal XPS peaks lower oxides can be detected, with the respective peak areas giving their concentration. The example of anodic Ta2O5 (30 nm thickness) yields the following results with 3 keV Ar+ bombardment: The thickness of the altered layer with 20 at.-% oxygen loss (XTa = 0.5) is 2.5±0.7 nm, and the reduction proceeds to metallic Ta, which is present besides the oxides TaO and TaO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00516801
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