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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; breast feeding ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A population-based case-control study of breast cancer with a focus on premenopausal women under 45 years of age, conducted in three geographic regions of the United States, enabled the evaluation of risk in relation to varying breastfeeding practices. Among premenopausal parous women (1,211 cases, 1,120 random-digit-dialing controls), a history of breastfeeding for two or more weeks was associated with a relative risk (RR) of 0.87 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.7–1.0). This relationship was not altered substantially by removing from the reference group women who had problems with breastfeeding in the first two weeks, including those with insufficient milk production. Risk was not related substantially to number of children breastfed or length of breastfeeding, although a relatively low risk was observed among those breastfeeding for the longest duration examined (RR=0.67, CI=0.4–1.1 for an average period per child of 72 or more weeks). Women who began to breastfeed at a young age (〈22 years) experienced the greatest reduction in risk, but other timing parameters (e.g., interval since first or last breastfeeding) were not predictive of risk. Risks were not modified substantially by age or menopause status, although the number of menopausal subjects examined was limited. Use of medications to stop breast milk was unrelated to risk (RR=1.04). The results of this study do not support the notion that breastfeeding substantially reduces breast cancer risk; however, this may reflect the fact that most of our study subjects breastfed only for limited periods of time (average breastfeeding per child of 30 weeks). Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship of breastfeeding to breast cancer risk, and to determine possible etiologic mechanisms underlying any observed associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051791
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in White men in the United States: alcohol, tobacco, and socioeconomic factors (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma ; alcohol ; case-control study ; esophagus ; males ; social class ; tobacco ; ulcer ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the United States, the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, including the esophagogastric (EG) junction, has been increasing rapidly over the past two decades. Except for an association with Barrett's esophagus, little is known about the etiology of these cancers. A population-based case-control interview study of 174 White men with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and 750 controls living in three areas of the United States offered the opportunity to investigate the relationship of these cancers with smoking, alcohol drinking, socioeconomic factors, and history of ulcer. There were significantly elevated risks for men who smoked cigarettes (odds ratio [OR]=2.1) or drank liquor (OR=1.6). For both cigarette smoking and liquor drinking, there were significant dose gradients with amount consumed. No reduction in risk was observed following smoking cessation. Subjects who switched from nonfilter to filter cigarettes experienced half the risk of those who only smoked nonfilter cigarettes. Inverse risk gradients were seen with increasing recent annual income, with the highest risk (OR=3.4) for the lowest category. The risk for a history of ulcer (OR=1.7), especially of the duodenum (OR=2.2), was also significantly elevated. These data suggest that tobacco and alcohol may be etiologic factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and EG junction, but these factors do not appear to explain the rapid rise in incidence of these tumors. The associations with low social class and history of ulcer need to be explored in greater detail along with other factors that may account for the temporal trends in esophageal adenocarcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01804984
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among Blacks and Whites in the United States: role of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 610-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; esophagus ; multiple myeloma ; smoking ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the United States, the incidence rates of multiple myeloma inBlacks are more than twice those in Whites, but the etiology of this canceris poorly understood. A population-based case-control interview study of 571subjects (365 White, 206 Black) with multiple myeloma and 2,122 controls(1,155 White, 967 Black) living in three areas of the United States (Georgia,Michigan, New Jersey) offered the opportunity to investigate the relationshipwith smoking and alcohol drinking and to evaluate whether these factors mightcontribute to the excess risk of multiple myeloma in Blacks. For Blacks andWhites of either gender, there were no significantly elevated risksassociated with ever use of cigarettes or alcoholic beverages and noconsistent patterns with either intensity or duration of use. These datasupport previous studies indicating that smoking and drinking are not relatedcausally to the risk of multiple myeloma, and thus cannot account for theracial disparity in incidence rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018498414298
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary relationships with early onset (under age 45) breast cancer in a case-control study in the United States: influence of chemotherapy treatment (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 713-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; chemotherapy ; diet ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Methodologic investigations have addressed selection and recall biasin case-control studies of diet and breast cancer, whereas the effect ofdisease progression and medical treatment on estimates of dietary intake hasbeen largely overlooked. In a multicenter, population-based case-controlstudy of breast cancer in the United States, 1,588 newly diagnosed cases and1,451 controls completed a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire.Initial evaluation suggested increased risk related to high intakes ofcalories, carbohydrates, fat, and protein. All nutrient associations werediminished after adjustment for calories. Evaluation by stage of diseaserevealed no relation of calories to risk among women with in situ disease,but elevated risks among women with localized (odds ratio [OR] = 1.33, 95percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-1.7 highest cf lowest quartile) orregional and distant disease (OR = 1.79, CI = 1.3-2.4). Further evaluationshowed that the increased risk a ssociated with calories was restricted tocases who reported having been treated with chemotherapy (OR = 1.66, CI =1.3-2.1). A gradient of increasing risk with time interval from diagnosis tointerview suggested the chemotherapy regimen itself and not necessarilycharacteristics of tumors requiring this treatment was responsible for theobserved increased risk. These results indicate that epidemiologic studies ofdiet and breast cancer, particularly among young women, should evaluatepossible bias related to post-diagnosis influences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018475203820
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drinking practices and risk of squamous-cell esophageal cancer among Black and White men in the United States (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 605-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; esophagus ; men ; neoplasms ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate whether the fivefold greater incidence rate ofsquamous-cell esophageal cancer in Black compared with White men is due totype of alcoholic beverage consumed or to other qualitative differences inalcohol consumption, we conducted a population-based case-control studywith373 males diagnosed with squamous-cell esophageal cancer (124 Whites and249 Blacks) and 1,364 male controls (750 Whites and 614 Blacks) from threegeographic areas in the United States. Included were all histologicallyconfirmed cases newly diagnosed from 1 August 1986 through 30 April 1989,among White and Black men aged 30 to 79 years. Risks varied to some extentaccording to type of alcohol used, with beer a stronger contributor inWhites, and wine and liquor stronger contributors in Blacks. However, most ofthe differences in the odds ratios by type of alcohol and race wereeliminated after controlling for average weekly amount of total alcoholconsumed. Thus, while alcohol use in all forms is an important risk factorfor squamous-cell esophageal cancer in Whites and Blacks, type of alcoholicbeverage used does not appear to account for the racial differences inincidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018446430228
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radon exposure in residences and lung cancer among women: combined analysis of three studies (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 114-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cigarette smoking ; females ; lung cancer ; People's Republic of China ; radon ; Sweden ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lung cancer risk in relation to indoor radon was examined in three case-control studies in Stockholm (Sweden), New Jersey (United States), and Shenyang (People's Republic of China). Year-long measurements of radon gas were made in current and past homes of 966 women who developed lung cancer and of 1,158 control women, included in the combined analysis. Nearly 14 percent of the participants were estimated to have a time-weighted, mean, radon concentration in their homes of more than 4 pCi/l (150 Bq/m3) during the period from five to 35 years prior to the date of lung cancer diagnosis (or comparable date for controls). There was a tendency for risk to increase with increasing levels of randon in NJ and Stockholm, but the trends for individual studies and overall were not statistically significant. The estimates of the excess relative risk for indoor exposure per pCi/l were 0.18 (95 percent [CI]=−0.04–0.70) in NJ, 0.06 (CI=−0.05–0.34) in Stockholm, and −0.02 (CI=−∞–0.03) for Shenyang; these estimates did not differ significantly from each other. The overall excess RR per pCi/l was 0.00 (CI=−0.05–0.07); the confidence limits were sufficiently broad, however, that the overall estimate was still compatible with extrapolations of risks from miners. Cigarette smoking was the predominant cause of lung cancer with the RR significantly elevated in all studies. Within smoking categories, the trend in risk with increasing mean radon concentration was inconsistent. Analyses of data from several studies are complicated by the possibility that there may exist important differences in study bases which might affect results, and which may be controlled only partially through adjustment procedures. Future efforts to combine various residential studies will need to be attentive to the intrinsic limitations of studies to detect low levels of risk as well as the unique uncertainties associated with estimating, accurately, cumulative exposure to indoor radon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830257
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among blacks and Whites in the United States: the role of chronic antigenic stimulation (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 529-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Antigenic stimulation ; case-control study ; etiology ; multiple myeloma ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is twice as common among Blacks than Whites in the United States. The reasons for this racial disparity are unknown, and the etiology of this cancer in general, is poorly understood. Repeated or chronic antigenic stimulation (CAS) of the immune system has been suggested as a risk factor. Previous case-control studies have reported inconsistent CAS associations based on evaluations of individual and biologic categories of medical conditions. Interview data from 573 cases and 2,131 population-based controls were used to investigate further the CAS hypothesis using an immunologically based approach, and to determine whether CAS accounts for the excess of myeloma among Blacks. Over 50 medical conditions were grouped into biologically and immunologically related categories, and B-cell-and T-cell-mediated response groups. Except for urinary tract infections among Black men (odds ratio [OR]=2.0), no significantly increased risks of MM were observed. However, there was a suggestion of increased risk among Blacks with an increased exposure to anaphylatic conditions. Analysis by immunoglobulin type revealed significantly elevated risks of IgG myeloma with eczema (OR=2.1), the biologic category ‘allergic conditions” (OR=1.6), and the immunologic category ‘anaphylaxis response’ (OR=1.6) among Whites, with Blacks having slightly lower risks. Our findings do not support a causal relationship between CAS and MM, nor do they explain the higher incidence among Blacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01831381
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tobacco use and prostate cancer in Blacks and Whites in the United States (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case control ; neoplasms ; prostate ; race ; tobacco ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostate cancer occurs more frequently in Blacks than Whites in the United States. A population-based case-control study which investigated the association between tobacco use and prostate cancer risk was carried out among 981 pathologically confirmed cases (479 Blacks, 502 Whites) of prostate cancer, diagnosed between 1 August 1986 and 30 April 1989, and 1,315 controls (594 Blacks, 721 Whites). Study subjects, aged 40 to 79 years, resided in Atlanta (GA), Detroit (MI), and 10 counties in New Jersey, geographic areas covered by three, population-based, cancer registries. No excesses in risk for prostate cancer were seen for former cigarette smokers, in Blacks (odds ratio [OR]=1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.7–1.5) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.9–1.6), or for current cigarette smokers, in Blacks (OR=1.0, CI=0.7–1.4) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.8–1.7). Increases in risk were noted for smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day, among former (OR=1.4, CI=1.0–1.5) and current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.4) smokers. Duration of cigarette use and cumulative amount of cigarette use (pack-years) were not associated with prostate cancer risk for Blacks or Whites. By age, only the youngest subjects, aged 40 to 59 years, showed excess risk associated with current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.3) and former (OR=1.7, CI=1.1–2.6) use of cigarettes, but there were no consistent patterns in this group according to amount or duration of smoking. Risks also were not elevated for former or current users of pipes, cigars, or chewing tobacco, but the risk associated with current snuff use was OR=5.5 (CI=1.2–26.2). This subgroup finding may have been due to chance. The results of the present study may be consistent with a small excess risk for prostate cancer associated with tobacco use, but the lack of consistent findings in population subgroups and the lack of a clear dose-response relationship argue more strongly that no causal association exists. The data do not indicate that the Black-White difference in prostate cancer risk is related to tobacco use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830240
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Race and sex differences in associations of vegetables, fruits, and carotenoids with lung cancer risk in New Jersey (United States) (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Blacks ; carotenoids ; diet ; fruit ; lung neoplasms ; sex ; United States ; vegetables ; Whites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We used data from a case-control study conducted in New Jersey between 1980 and 1983 to evaluate race and sex differences in associations of vegetable, fruit, and carotenoid consumption with lung cancer. Cases included 736 White males, 860 White females, 269 Black males, and 86 Black females with incident, histologically confirmed, primary cancer of the trachea, bronchus, or lung. Controls were identified through drivers' license and Health Care Financing Administration files and included 548 White males, 473 White females, 170 Black males, and 47 Black females. Usual intakes of vegetables (predominantly yellow/green) and fruit (predominantly yellow/orange) as well as other food sources of carotenoids were ascertained by a food frequency questionnaire. White females showed significant inverse associations of lung cancer with vegetables, fruit, and carotenoids. White males showed nonsignificant inverse associations with vegetables and carotenoids, and Black females just with vegetables. No inverse associations were found for Black males. Vegetable consumption was associated with risk of all histologic types of lung cancer, but the pattern of increasing risk with decreasing intake was limited to smokers. We infer that consumption of yellow/green vegetables and carotenoids may confer protection from lung cancer to White male and White female smokers. Further studies are needed to clarify the effect in Blacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051322
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