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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SURVEY OF PERCEIVED ORAL HEALTH NEEDS OF HOMEBOUND PATIENTS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of public health dentistry 39 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-7325
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1979.tb01832.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breast cancer following augmentation mammoplasty (United States) (2000)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 11 (2000), S. 819-827 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast cancer ; breast implants ; incidence ; mortality ; prognosis ; silicone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective:Although clinical reports have raised concern that breast implants may either increase the risk of breast cancer or delay its diagnosis, epidemiologic studies have generally shown implant recipients to be at a reduced risk of subsequent breast cancer. A large retrospective cohort study was undertaken to clarify effects of cosmetic breast implantation. Methods:Medical records of 13,488 women receiving cosmetic implants at 18 plastic surgery practices and a group of 3936 patients who received other types of plastic surgery at the same practices were reviewed and information abstracted. Questionnaires were sent to all subjects located as alive, with 71% being completed. Attempts were made to obtain medical verification for all reported cancers and to obtain death certificates for deceased subjects. Results:A total of 136 breast cancers were observed among the breast implant patients. External analyses, using general population rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, resulted in 152.2 cases expected and a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.9 (95% CI 0.8–1.1). A comparable SIR was found for the other plastic surgery patients (SIR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.7–1.2). Internal analyses, directly comparing the implant patients with the other plastic surgery patients, showed a RR of 0.8 (95% CI 0.6–1.1). In neither the external nor internal analyses was there any systematic variation in risk by age or calendar year of initial implant. Risk also did not vary by years of follow-up or by type of implant. Risk was not affected by exclusion of patients who received their implants following surgery for benign breast disease. Although breast tumors tended to be detected at a somewhat later stage among the breast implant than the comparison patients, the difference was not statistically significant, nor was there any significant difference in breast cancer mortality between the two groups. Conclusions:Breast implants do not appear to alter the risk of subsequent breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008941110816
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radon exposure in residences and lung cancer among women: combined analysis of three studies (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 114-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cigarette smoking ; females ; lung cancer ; People's Republic of China ; radon ; Sweden ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lung cancer risk in relation to indoor radon was examined in three case-control studies in Stockholm (Sweden), New Jersey (United States), and Shenyang (People's Republic of China). Year-long measurements of radon gas were made in current and past homes of 966 women who developed lung cancer and of 1,158 control women, included in the combined analysis. Nearly 14 percent of the participants were estimated to have a time-weighted, mean, radon concentration in their homes of more than 4 pCi/l (150 Bq/m3) during the period from five to 35 years prior to the date of lung cancer diagnosis (or comparable date for controls). There was a tendency for risk to increase with increasing levels of randon in NJ and Stockholm, but the trends for individual studies and overall were not statistically significant. The estimates of the excess relative risk for indoor exposure per pCi/l were 0.18 (95 percent [CI]=−0.04–0.70) in NJ, 0.06 (CI=−0.05–0.34) in Stockholm, and −0.02 (CI=−∞–0.03) for Shenyang; these estimates did not differ significantly from each other. The overall excess RR per pCi/l was 0.00 (CI=−0.05–0.07); the confidence limits were sufficiently broad, however, that the overall estimate was still compatible with extrapolations of risks from miners. Cigarette smoking was the predominant cause of lung cancer with the RR significantly elevated in all studies. Within smoking categories, the trend in risk with increasing mean radon concentration was inconsistent. Analyses of data from several studies are complicated by the possibility that there may exist important differences in study bases which might affect results, and which may be controlled only partially through adjustment procedures. Future efforts to combine various residential studies will need to be attentive to the intrinsic limitations of studies to detect low levels of risk as well as the unique uncertainties associated with estimating, accurately, cumulative exposure to indoor radon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830257
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mortality among United States radiologic technologists, 1926-90 (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 67-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Mortality ; neoplasms (radiation-induced) ; occupational diseases ; radiologic technicians ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible mortality risk from low level chronic exposures to ionizing radiation was evaluated among 143,517 United States radiologic technologists certified by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists between 1926-80. This is one of the few occupational studies of primarily women (73 percent) exposed to radiation during their employment. More than 2.8 million person-years of follow-up were accrued through 1990, and 7,345 deaths were identified. A strong healthy-worker effect was observed (standardized mortality ratios [SMR] for all causes and all cancers were 0.69 and 0.79, respectively). Lung cancer (429 deaths) was not increased with available measures of radiation exposure and no significant associations were observed for acute, myelogenous, and monocytic leukemia (74 deaths). Relative to the general population, the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for female breast cancer was 0.99 (based on 425 deaths); however, breast cancer was significantly elevated relative to all other cancers in a test of homogeneity of SMRs (ratio of SMRs = 1.3, P 〈 0.0001). Significant risks were correlated with employment before 1940 (SMR = 1.5; 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-1.9), when radiation doses were likely highest, and among women certified for more than 30 years (SMR = 1.4, CI = 1.2-1.7) for whom the cumulative exposure was likely greatest. Using an internal referent group, risk increased with duration of certification among the 1,890 women certified before 1940 (P-trend 〈 0.001). While the findings for breast cancer are consistent with a radiation effect, possible misclassification in exposure (based on number of years certified) and potential confounding associated with reproductive histories preclude a causal conclusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008801404245
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 309-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cancer ; environment ; ionizing radiation ; leukemia ; occupation ; radon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018496919324
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cohort mortality and nested case-control study of lung cancer among structural pest control workers in Florida (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 310-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Brain cancer ; case-control ; cohort ; lung cancer ; males ; mortality ; pesticides ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A previous report on the mortality of this cohort of Florida (United States) pest control workers found the risk of lung cancer was positively associated with the number of years licensed. An additional follow-up (1977–82) of this male cohort confirmed the excess (SMR=1.4) and the rising risk with increasing number of years licensed (SMR=2.2 among workers employed more than 20 years). A nested case-control study was undertaken to determine the effects of smoking and the type of pesticide exposure on lung cancer risk. Occupational histories and other data were obtained on 65 deceased lung cancer cases, 122 deceased controls, and 172 living controls. Interviews were conducted with next-of-kin regardless of the vital status of the subject. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted by age and smoking. Adjustments for diet and other occupations had no effect on risk estimates and were not included in the final model. Using information from licensing records, ORs for lung cancer were greater for workers first licensed before age 40 (OR=2.4, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.0–5.9 with deceased controls) and increased from 1.4 (CI=0.7–3.0) for subjects licensed 10–19 years to 2.1 (CI=0.8–5.5) for subjects licensed 20 or more years. Using living controls, an association with duration of employment was observed when years of licensure were lagged five years, but was not observed in unlagged analyses. Using information from the questionnaire, the risk of lung cancer was greater among those who worked as pest control operators than non-pest control workers. Although numbers were typically small, lung cancer risk among pest control operators was associated with reported exposure to carbamates, organophosphates, and phenoxyacetic acids and more specifically with diazinon, DDT, carbaryl, and propoxur. These results further suggest that pesticides may play a role in lung cancer risk and underscore the need for research that focuses on specific chemicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01804981
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