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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase II evaluation of mitoxantrone plus cis-platinum in patients with advanced breast cancer (1994)
    Springer
    Investigational new drugs 12 (1994), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: cis-platinum ; mitoxantrone ; breast cancer ; phase I-II trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Southwest Oncology Group studied the response rate and toxicity of mitoxantrone (7.5 or 10 mg/m2 to 12.0 mg/m2) and cis-platinum (100 mg/m2) in 30 patients with advanced breast cancer as second-line therapy. There were 2 partial responses in 29 eligible patients. Toxicity was considerable, with 27 patients having grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Grade 3–4 toxicity included vomiting, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, leukopenia and anemia. The combination of mitoxantrone plus cis-platinum has minimal activity as second-line therapy in metastatic breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874442
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secreted growth factors from estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer do not support growth of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in the nude mouse model (1988)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 11 (1988), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; autocrine growth regulation ; estrogen action ; growth factors ; nude mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative MDA-231 human breast cancer cells have been shown to secrete high concentrations of several growth factors including transforming growth factor-alpha and insulin-like growth factor I, which could have important autocrine or paracrine growth regulatory functions and, additionally, could explain the rapid autonomous growth of these cells. In contrast, the hormone-responsive, ER-positive MCF-7 cells secrete low levels of these factors constitutively. Since estrogen treatment increases secretion of these growth factors in MCF-7 cells, it has been postulated that these growth factors mediate estrogen's growth effects through an autocrine mechanism. To test this hypothesis we reasoned that growth factors supplied by MDA-231 cells should support growth of MCF-7 cells in an estrogen-depleted environment. Inoculation of castrated female athymic nude mice with MDA-231 cells resulted in rapid tumor growth. However, MDA-231 tumors did not support growth of MCF-7 cells inoculated on the opposite flank by an endocrine mechanism; MCF-7 tumors required estrogen supplementation for growth. To determine if MDA-231 cells could support MCF-7 growth by a paracrine mechanism, various mixtures of the two cell lines were coinoculated at the same site in castrated or in estrogen-supplemented mice. ER was not detectable in tumors derived from a mixed inoculum, indicating the absence of MCF-7 cell growth. Furthermore, DNA flow cytometry of these tumors revealed only a single G1 peak representative of MDA-231 cells in estrogen-deprived mice. On the other hand, two distinct G1 peaks representing both MDA-231 and MCF-7 cells were detected in tumors grown in estrogen-supplemented mice. These data demonstrate that growth factors from estrogen-independent MDA-231 cells are not capable of replacing estrogen for growth stimulation of MCF-7 cells. Either estrogen-stimulated growth of MCF-7 cells requires other secreted factors not supplied by MDA-231 cells, or it involves a different mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807279
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-dependence of hazard ratios for prognostic factors in primary breast cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 52 (1998), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; Cox models ; nonproportional hazards ; prognostic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Some prognostic factors, such as steroid receptors, appear strongly related to outcome in early studies with short follow-up, but as follow-up matures the relationships appear to weaken. We investigated this phenomenon for several factors (tumor size, axillary lymph nodes, S-phase fraction, estrogen receptor (ER) status, and adjuvant therapy) in a large sample of breast cancer cases (N=2,873) with up to 17 years of follow-up for disease-free survival (DFS). Subjects in the study were identified from patients who had hormone receptor assays performed in our laboratory. Analysis of DFS included fitting a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, testing for nonproportionality, and examining diagnostic plots. The assumption of proportional hazards was violated for several factors including ER, tumor size, and S-phase fraction. For ER, the hazard ratio was initially less than 1.0, indicating a good effect on prognosis, but increased at later times to values greater than 1.0, indicating a bad effect on prognosis. In contrast, the hazard ratios for tumor size and S-phase were initially high and decreased asymptotically toward 1.0 over time. Analysis of p53 expression in a subset of cases yielded qualitatively similar results. We conclude that several standard prognostic factors (ER, tumor size, S-phase fraction) and possibly other investigational factors have important but nonproportional effects on hazard. It is likely that violation of proportional hazards is common and not limited to breast cancer. Failure to recognize violations of proportional hazards can lead to both over- and under-estimation of the effects of important prognostic factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006133418245
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endocrine therapy testing of human breast cancers in the soft agar clonogenic assay (1985)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 6 (1985), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: tamoxifen ; medroxyprogesterone acetate ; breast cancer ; soft agar cloning assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The human tumor soft agar cloning assay has been used to assess the biological effects of cytotoxic drugs and other agents on human cancers. In this study we have examined the effects of two hormonal agents, tamoxifen (Tam) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), on colony growth of the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line as well as fresh human breast cancer specimens. Using standard criteria for a colony (〉50 cells or 〉60 microns in diameter) Tam (1.0µM) reduced MCF-7 colony formation by only 30% to 50%, and MPA (1.0µM) had no effect. However, both agents dramatically reduced the formation of larger colonies; less than 10% of colonies larger than 124 microns survived Tam exposure, and less than 25% survived with MPA.In vitro sensitivity (〈 30% colony survival) of fresh human breast cancer specimens was observed infrequently with either Tam (1/39 evaluable assays) or MPA (3/36 evaluable assays). Colony growth of human breast cancer was unaltered when cells were plated in charcoal-stripped serum to reduce the endogenous estrogen concentration.In vitro sensitivity to Tam or MPA was not increased under these conditions. No correlation was found between estrogen receptor (ER) concentration and inhibition of colony survival with Tam or MPA. None of 16 assays from ER-positive specimens treated with Tam and 2 of 18 ER-positive specimens treated with MPA were sensitivein vitro. In contrast, 2 of 12 ER-negative specimens tested with Tam and 3 of 7 ER-negative specimens tested with MPA were sensitivein vitro. Stimulation of colony growth was observed in about 20% of Tam or MPA-treated specimens. Of the assays with ER data available, 10 of 11 with enhanced colony growth were ER-positive. Human breast cancer specimens did not grow well enough to assess the effect of these agents on large-sized colonies. These data suggest that the standard human tumor cloning assay will need modification before it can be used to predict hormonal sensitivity of fresh human breast cancer specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806773
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of insulin regulation of lipid synthesis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (1983)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 3 (1983), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; insulin ; lipids ; MCF-7 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of lipid synthesis by insulin in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells is characterized by an increase in acetate incorporation into long-chain fatty acids. The effects occurs in the absence of an increase in glucose uptake by the cells, and cannot be explained by a decrease in turnover of cellular fatty acids. Differential substrate experiments as well as direct measurement of enzyme activities indicate that insulin stimulates increases in activity of the first enzyme of the de novo pathway, acetyl CoA carboxylase. [3 2Pi] incorporation into phospholipids is also stimulated by insulin. Thin layer chromatography reveals five peaks of [3 2Pi]-labeled phospholipids corresponding in mobility to the following standards: lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. [3 2Pi] incorporation into each of these peaks is stimulated, although the degree of stimulation varies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806701
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Targeting the EGF receptor in breast cancer treatment (1994)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 32 (1994), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; epidermal growth factor receptor ; immunotoxins ; ligand fusion toxins ; targeted therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunotoxins are a relatively new class of cytotoxic agents consisting of a catalytic toxin linked to an appropriate targeting ligand. The ligand directs the toxin to the surface of a tumor cell, whereupon the toxin enters the cell and catalytically inactivates the ribosome, thus disrupting protein synthesis and effecting cell death. Monoclonal antibodies (or their fragments) have been most commonly used to carry chemically conjugated toxins to proteins or antigens overexposed on the tumor cell surface, but specific ligands for tumor cell surface receptors could also provide effective targeting. The receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGFR) is overexpressed primarily in poor prognosis breast cancers that do not respond well to traditional therapies. Because EGFR is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer tissue and is associated with a poor prognosis, it is an attractive target for antitumor therapy. DAB 389 EGF is an EGFR specific fusion toxin produced with recombinant DNA techniques consisting of sequences for the enzymatically active and membrane translocation domains of diphtheria toxin plus sequences for human epidermal growth factor. DAB 389 EGF is a potent, EGFR specific, cytotoxic agent which rapidly inhibits protein synthesis by a mechanism of action similar to that of diphtheria itself. Preclinical studies in the laboratory and in animals now suggest the feasibility of investigating such an agent in the targeted therapy of patients with human breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666210
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translational research in the San Antonio breast cancer SPORE (1994)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 32 (1994), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; drug resistance ; growth factors ; heat shock proteins ; imaging ; premalignant disease ; prognostic factors ; tumor suppressor genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666200
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prognostic significance of PAI-1 and uPA in cytosolic extracts obtained from node-positive breast cancer patients (1997)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 43 (1997), S. 153-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; uPA ; PAI-1 ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cancer cell invasion is accomplished by the concertedaction of several extracellular proteolytic enzyme systems, oneof which is the urokinase plasminogen activation system.The different components of this system, e.g. urokinaseplasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor uPAR, as wellas its main inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor type1 (PAI-1) have all been shown to haveprognostic value in breast cancer, i.e. high tumorlevels are associated with a poor prognosis.In orderto further substantiate the prognostic value of uPAand PAI-1, we have tested the cutpoints (medianvalues and optimized cutpoints) from our first study(Cancer Res 53: 2513–2521, 1993) in an independentgroup of breast cancer patients. Breast cancer cytosolsfrom 100 premenopausal and 150 post-menopausal node positivepatients were included. The median observation time was80 months (range 49–145). Univariate analysis showed thathigh PAI-1 levels (above the median PAI-1 value)were significantly associated with short recurrence-free survival (RR:1.65; 95% CI: 1.04–2.63; P=0.03) andshort overall survival (RR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.52–3.96;P=0.0001) in postmenopausal patients. Postmenopausal patientswith high uPA levels (above the median uPAvalue) had a significantly shorter recurrence-free survival (RR:2.04; 95% CI: 1.17–3.56; P=0.01) andoverall survival (RR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.16–3.70; P= 0.01) than patients with low uPA values.Nearly identical results were obtained when using theoptimized PAI-1 or uPA value.In a Cox multivariateanalysis which included other established prognostic factors, highPAI-1 was found to be an independent prognosticvariable predicting short overall survival with a relativerisk of 2.27 in postmenopausal women, and highuPA was found to be an independent prognosticvariable predicting short recurrence-free survival with a relativerisk of 1.86 in postmenopausal women. The presentstudy indicates that uPA and PAI-1 are independentand significant prognostic variables in subsets of breastcancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005744914124
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of primary breast cancer histopathology and estrogen receptor content (1981)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 1 (1981), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; breast cancer ; tumor differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the association of estrogen receptor (ER) with several histologic variables that correlate with breast tumor differentiation and with patient prognosis. Contingency table analysis revealed highly statistically significant correlations between ER content and histologic and nuclear grades, tumor necrosis, and the degree of elastosis and lymphoid cell infiltration. ER positive tumors were more likely than ER negative tumors to demonstrate histological evidence of tumor differentiation. All tumors with histologic grade 1 or nuclear grade 1 (best differentiated) were ER positive or borderline positive. Eighty-nine percent of ER negative tumors were histologic grade 3 and 78.4% were nuclear grade 3 (poor differentiation). ER positive tumors were also correlated with absent tumor necrosis, higher elastic content, and absent lymphoid cell infiltration, all features of good differentiation. Medullary carcinomas were frequently (73%) ER negative, but no relationship between ER and other morphologic types of breast cancer or 9 other morphologic variables was found. ER appears to be a biochemical marker for the degree of differentiation of human breast cancer providing a rationale for the observed differences in biological behavior between receptor positive and negative tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01807890
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autocrine and paracrine growth regulation of breast cancer: Clinical implications (1990)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 15 (1990), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; growth factors ; growth regulation ; estrogen action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Research using experimental models of human breast cancer has broadened our understanding of the possible biochemical pathways regulating breast cancer growth. Breast cancer cells express receptors for and respond to a variety of steroid and polypeptide hormones and growth factors. Specific oncogenes are also expressed in breast cancer cells, and levels of expression may relate to tumor growth and aggressiveness. Recent studies have shown that breast cancer cells can even synthesize and secrete various growth factors that could stimulate tumor growth through autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. Secretion of some of these growth factors is regulated by estrogen, providing a possible mechanism for estrogen induced growth. Knowledge of these growth regulatory pathways has potentially important clinical implications. Blockade of these pathways offers new possible treatment strategies, much as antiestrogens have been used to inhibit tumor growth. Quantification of the expression of certain oncogenes, growth factor receptors, or the growth factors themselves, may provide prognostic information for the individual patient. Finally, it is plausible that measurement of these tumor products in body fluids might provide tumor markers that are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01811884
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